🚧 Website Maintenance in Progress: Thank you for visiting! We are currently in the process of enhancing our website to serve you better. Please check back soon for our new and improved website.
Home 9 Membership 9 Special Interest Groups 9 Complex Trauma SIG 9 Complex Trauma Bibliography

Complex Trauma Bibliography

Complex Trauma Bibliography

Additions/corrections may be sent to istss.ctsigchairs@gmail.com

Abramson, P. R., & Bland-Abramson, S. (2021). Racial animus, police corruption, and a wrongful conviction of murder: Complex PTSD and the vestiges of anguish. The Wrongful Conviction Law Review, 2(2), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.29173/wclawr55

 Agorastos, A., Nicolaides, N., Bozikas, V., Chrousos, G., & Pervanidou, P. (2020). Multilevel interactions of stress and circadian system: Implications for traumatic stress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1003. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01003  

Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G., & Baker, D. (2019). Developmental trajectories of early life stress and trauma: A narrative review on neurobiological aspects beyond stress system dysregulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118

Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G., & Kolaitis, G. (2018). Early life stress and trauma: Developmental neuroendocrine aspects of prolonged stress system dysregulation, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17(4), 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0065-x

Alexander, P. (1993). The differential effects of abuse characteristics and attachment in the prediction of the long-term effects of sexual abuse, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8(3), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626093008003004

Amari, N., & Mahoney, A. (2021). Compassion and complex interpersonal trauma in adolescence: An early systematic review. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 10.1002/cpp.2689. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2689

Ashfield, E., Chan, C., & Lee, D. (2020). Building 'a compassionate armour': The journey to develop strength and self-compassion in a group treatment for complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychology and psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12275

Armour, C., Robinson, M., & Ross, J. (2021). Factor structure of the international trauma questionnaire in UK armed forces veterans residing in northern ireland. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1924954. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1924954

Askovic, M., Coello, M., Aroche, J., & Bryant, R. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profiles in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 822-832. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22453

Astill Wright, L., Roberts, N. P., Lewis, C., Simon, N., Hyland, P., Ho, G. W. K., McElroy, E., & Bisson, J. I. (2021). High prevalence of somatisation in ICD-11 complex PTSD: A cross sectional cohort study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 148, 110574-110574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110574

Bachem, R., Levin, Y., Zerach, G., Cloitre, M., & Solomon, Z. (2021). The interpersonal implications of PTSD and complex PTSD: The role of disturbances in self-organization. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.075

Badley, E., Shields, M., O'Donnell, S., Hovdestad, W., & Tonmyr, L. (2019). Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for arthritis: Findings From a population-based survey of Canadian adults. Arthritis Care & Research, 71(10), 1366–1371. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23776 

Baumeister, D., Akhtar, R., Ciufolini, S., Pariante, C., & Mondelli, V. (2016). Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: A meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(5), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.67

Barbieri, A., Visco-Comandini, F., Alunni Fegatelli, D., Schepisi, C., Russo, V., Calò, F., Dessì, A., Cannella, G., & Stellacci, A. (2019). Complex trauma, PTSD and complex PTSD in African refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1700621. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1700621

Barrett, M., & Stone Fish, L. (2014). Treating complex trauma: A relational blueprint for collaboration and change. New York: Routledge.

Ben‐Ezra M., Karatzias T., Hyland P., Brewin C., Cloitre M., Bisson J., Roberts, N., Lueger-Schuster, B., & Shevlin M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD‐11 proposals: A population study in Israel. Depression and Anxiety, 35(3), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22723

Ben-Ezra, M., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Maercker, A., Hamama-Raz, Y., Lavenda, O., Mahat-Shamir, M., & Shevlin, M. (2020). ICD-11 disorders specifically associated with stress in Africa: A cross-country psychiatric screening of ICD-11 disorders specifically associated with stress in Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

Bervoets, Eva, Meurs, Patrick, Luyten, Patrick, Tang, Eileen, & Vliegen, Nicole. (2022). Walking the tightrope: ego support and exploration with a child with complex trauma. Journal of Child Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/0075417X.2021.2014935

Bertolino, B., & O’Hanlon, B. (2002). Even from a broken web: Brief, respectful solution-oriented therapy for sexual abuse and trauma. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 

Bisson, J., Berliner, L., Cloitre, M., Forbes, D., Jensen, T., Lewis, C., Monson, C., Olff, M., Pilling, S., Riggs, D., Roberts, N., & Shapiro, F. (2019). The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies new guidelines for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Methodology and development process. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22421

Blizard, R. (2003). Disorganized attachment: Development of dissociated self states and a relational approach to treatment. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 4(3), 27-50 https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v04n03_03

Bondjers, K., Hyland, P., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., Willebrand, M., & Arnberg, F. K. (2019). Validation of a clinician-administered diagnostic measure of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD: The International Trauma Interview in a Swedish sample. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10, 1665617. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1665617

Bongaerts, H., Voorendonk, E. M., van Minnen, A., & de Jongh, A. (2021). Safety and effectiveness of intensive treatment for complex PTSD delivered via home-based telehealth. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1860346-1860346. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1860346

Boon, S. (1997). The treatment of traumatic memories in DID: Indications and contraindications. Dissociation, 10, 65-79. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/1823

Borroni, S., Masci, E., Franzoni, C., Somma, A., & Fossati, A. (2021). The co-occurrence of trauma related disorder and borderline personality disorder: AQ study on a clinical sample of patients seeking psychotherapy treatment. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113587-113587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113587

Boscarina, J. (2006). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and physical illness: Results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032: 141–153. https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1196/annals.1314.011

Böttche M., Ehring,T., Krüger-Gottschalk, A., Rau, H., Schäfer, I., Schellong, J., Dyer, A., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2019). Testing the ICD-11 proposal for complex PTSD in trauma-exposed adults: Factor structure and symptom profiles. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1). https://doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1512264

Bovin, M. J., Kimerling, R., Weathers, F. W., Prins, A., Marx, B. P., Post, E. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2021). Diagnostic Accuracy and Acceptability of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Among US Veterans. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2036733- e2036733. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36733

Brewin, C. (2019). Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11. Psych Advances, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.48

Brewin, C., Lanius, R., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., Galea, S. (2009). Reformulating PTSD for DSM-V: Life after criterion A. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20443

Brewin, C., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Maercker, A., Bryant, R., Humayun, A., … & Reed, G. (2017). Evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and Complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 1-15.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001

Briere, J. (1989; 1996).  Therapy for adults molested as children: Beyond survival. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Briere, J. (2002). A self-trauma model for treating adult survivors of severe child abuse. In Briere, J., Berliner, L., Bulkley, J. A., Jenny, C. & Reid, T. (Eds.). The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd Ed.) (pp. 51-71). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Briere, J. (2004). Psychological assessment of adult posttraumatic states:  Phenomenology, diagnosis, and measurement (2nd Ed.).  Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. (2011). Treating complex trauma in adolescents and young adults. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. (2012). Integrative treatment of complex trauma for adolescents (ITCT-A): A guide for the treatment of multiply-traumatized youth, 2nd edition.  Los Angeles, CA: USC Adolescent Trauma Training Center, National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Briere, J. & Scott, C. (2007). Assessment of trauma symptoms in eating-disordered populations. The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 15(4), 347-358.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260701454360

Briere, J., & Scott, C. (2014). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications. 

Briere, J. & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Phenomenological and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20048

Briggs, E. C., Amaya-Jackson, L., Putnam, K. T., & Putnam, F. W. (2021). All adverse childhood experiences are not equal: The contribution of synergy to adverse childhood experience scores. American Psychologist, 76(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000768

Brindle, R., Cribbet, M., Samuelsson, L., Gao, C., Frank, E., Krafty, R., Thayer, J., . . . & Hall, M. (2018). The relationship between childhood trauma and poor sleep health in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(2), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000542

Brisch, K. H. (2002). Treating attachment disorders: From theory to therapy. New York: The Guilford Press.

Bromberg, P. M. (2001). Standing in the spaces: Essays on clinical process, trauma, and dissociation. Mahwah, NJ: The Analytic Press.

Brown, D., Scheflin, A., & Hammond, C. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Brown, R., Heines, S., Witt, A., Braehler, E., Fegert, J., Harsch, D., & Plener, P. (2018). The impact of child maltreatment on non-suicidal self-injury: Ddata from a representative sample of the general population. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1754-3

Bryant, R. (2012). Simplifying Complex PTSD: Comment on Resick et al. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 252-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21696 

Bryant, R., Felmingham, K., Malhi, G., Andrew, E., & Korgaonkar, M. (2021). The distinctive neural     circuitry of complex posttraumatic stress disorder during threat processing. Psychological Medicine, 51(7), 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719003921

Campodonico, C., Berry, K., Haddock, G., & Varese, F. (2021). Protective Factors Associated With Post-traumatic Outcomes in Individuals With Experiences of Psychosis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 735870. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735870
Carlson, E. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment. Child Development, 69, 1970-1979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x

Cassidy, J. & P. Shaver (Eds.) (2002). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: The Guilford Press.

Cattaneo, A., Macchi, F., Plazzotta, G., Veronica, B., Bocchio-Chiavetto, L., Riva, M., & Pariante, C. (2015). Inflammation and neuronal plasticity: A link between childhood trauma and depression pathogenesis. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 9, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00040

Charak, R., Cano-Gonzalez, I., Shevlin, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2021). Dimensional latent structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, and adjustment disorder: Evidence from ghana, kenya, and nigeria. Traumatology. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000311

Cheng, P., Xu, L.-Z., Zheng, W.-H., Ng, R. M. K., Zhang, L., Li, L.-J., & Li, W.-H. (2020). Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 368?C374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.038

Chew, J. (1997). Women survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Healing through group work: Beyond survival. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc.

Chiu, C.-D., Ho, H. L., & Tollenaar, M. S. (2022). Relational self-evaluations in dissociation: Implicit self-rejection? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(1), 99-106. https://doi.org./10.1037/tra0001017

Choi, H., Kim, N., & Lee, A. (2021). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD among organized violence survivors in modern south korean history of political oppression. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 34(2), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1839889

Choi, H., Lee, W., & Hyland, P. (2021). Factor structure and symptom classes of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder in a south korean general population sample with adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 114, 104982-104982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104982

Chouliara, Z., Karatzias, T., Gullone, A., Ferguson, S., Cosgrove, K., & Burke Draucker, C.  (2017). Therapeutic change in group therapy for interpersonal trauma: A relational framework for research and clinical practice. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696860

Chu J. (2011). Rebuilding shattered lives: Treating Complex PTSD and dissociative disorders (2nd ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Classen, C., Muller, R., Field, N., Clark, C., & Stern, E. (2017). A naturalistic study of a brief treatment program for survivors of complex trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 18(5), 720–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1289492

Cloitre, M. (2021). Complex PTSD: Assessment and treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(sup1)https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1866423

Cloitre, M. (2020). ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: Simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 129-131. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.43

Cloitre, M. (2015). The ‘‘one size fits all’’ approach to trauma treatment: Should we be satisfied? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27344

Cloitre M. (2016). Commentary on De Jongh et al. (2016) Critique of ISTSS Complex PTSD Guidelines: Finding the way forward. Depression and Anxiety, 33(5), 355–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22493

Cloitre, M., & Beck, J. G. (2017). Introduction for the special issue: The long‐term effects of childhood adversity and trauma. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24(2), 107– 110. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12199

Cloitre, M., Brewin, C. R., Kazlauskas, E., Lueger‐Schuster, B., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2021). Commentary: The need for research on PTSD in children and adolescents—A commentary on Elliot et al. (2020). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(3), 277–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13361

Cloitre, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Lueger-Schuster, B., Maercker, A., Roberts, N. P., & Shevlin, M. (2020). Evidence for the coherence and integrity of the complex PTSD (CPTSD) diagnosis: Response to achterhof et al., (2019) and ford (2020). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1739873-1739873.               https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1739873

Cloitre, M., Cohen, L. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2006). Treating survivors of childhood abuse: Psychotherapy for the interrupted life. New York: Guilford Press.

Cloitre, M., Cohen, L., Ortigo, K., Jackson, C., & Koenen, C. (2020). Treating survivors of childhood abuse and interpersonal trauma: STAIR narrative therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Cloitre, M., Courtois, C., Charuvastra, A., Carapezza, R., Stolbach, B., & Green B. (2011). ISTSS expert consensus treatment guidelines for Complex PTSD in adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress 24(6), 615-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20697

Cloitre, M., Garvert, D., Brewin, C., Bryant, R., & Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis. European Journal of Pscyhotraumatology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706

Cloitre, M., Garvert, D., Weiss, B., Carlson, E., & Bryant, R. (2014). Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25097. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097

Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J., Brewin, C., Roberts, N., Karatzias, T. & Shevlin, M. (2019). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: A population- based study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 833-842. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22454 

Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Prins, A., & Shevlin, M. (2021). The international trauma questionnaire (ITQ) measures reliable and clinically significant treatment-related change in PTSD and complex PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1930961-1930961. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1930961

Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Maercker, A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: Development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12956

Cloitre, M., Stolbach B., Herman, J., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova E. (2009). A developmental approach to Complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20444

Coelho, R., Viola, T., Walss-Bass, C., Brietzke, E., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 129(3), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12217

Corman, M., Rubio, M. T., Cabrespine, A., Brindel, I., Bay, J. O., De La Tour, R. P., & Dambrun, M. (2021).  Retrospective and prospective measures of post-traumatic growth reflect different processes: longitudinal evidence of greater decline than growth following a hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1?C11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03007-y  

Courtois, C. (1999). Recollections of sexual abuse: Treatment principles and guidelines. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Courtois, C. (2000). The aftermath of child sexual abuse: The treatment of complex posttraumatic stress reactions (549-572). In L. Szuchman & F. Muscarella (Eds.). Psychological perspectives on human sexuality. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Courtois, C. (2002). Implications of the memory controversy for clinical practice: An overview of treatment recommendations and guidelines. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 9(3-4), 183-210. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v09n03_09

Courtois, C. (2004). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(4), 412-425. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.412

Courtois, C. (2010; 1995; 1988). Healing the incest wound: Adult survivors in therapy. (2nd ed.). New York: W.W.W. Norton & Co. 

Courtois, C. (2012). Treatment of complex trauma: A sequenced, relationship-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.

Courtois, C. (2013a). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders in children & adolescents.  New York: Guilford Press.

Courtois, C. (2013b; 2009). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: Scientific foundations and therapeutic models. New York: Guilford Press.

Courtois, C. (2013c; 1999). Recollections of Sexual Abuse. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Courtois, C. (2014). Spiritually-oriented treatment for trauma.  Washington: American Psychological Association Press.

Courtois, C. (2015). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Scientific and professional dimensions (2nd ed).     Cambridge: Elsevier/Academic Press.

Courtois, C., & Ford, J. (Eds.). (2009) Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. New York: The Guilford Press.

Courtois, C, & Ford, J. (Eds). 2020. Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: scientific foundations and therapeutic models (2nd ed). New York: The Guilford Press.

Corrigan, F., & Alastair M. Hull. (2015). Recognition of the neurobiological insults imposed by complex trauma and the implications for psychotherapeutic interventions. BJPsych Bulletin (2015), 39, 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.114.047134

Creamer, M., Burgess, P., McFarlane, A. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings for the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being, Psychological Medicine, 31 (7), 1237-1247.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004287

Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., Karatzias, T., & Murphy, D. (2021). Moral injury and ICD-11 complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms among treatment-seeking veterans in the united kingdom. Psychological Trauma, 13(4), 417-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000921

Cyr, G., Godbout, N., Cloitre, M., & Bélanger, C. (2022). Distinguishing Among Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder in a Community Sample of Women. Journal of traumatic stress, 35(1), 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22719

D'Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012). Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x

Daniunaite, I., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Thoresen, S., Zelviene, P., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: Discriminating factors in a population-based cross-sectional study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1890937-1890937. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1890937

Dagan, Y. (2020). Cannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A narrative review with considerations of benefits and harms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. https://doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001172

Dalenberg, C. (2000). Countertransference and the treatment of trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

Danese, A., & Baldwin, J. (2017). Hidden wounds? Inflammatory links between childhood trauma and psychopathology. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 517–544. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044208

Danese, A., & Lewis, S. (2017). Psychoneuroimmunology of early-life Stress: The hidden wounds of childhood trauma? Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.198

Danese, A., Moffitt, T., Harrington, H., Milne, B., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2009). Adverse Childhood Experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(12), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.214

Danese, A., Moffitt, T., Pariante, C., Ambler, A., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2008). Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(4), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.409

Danese, A., & Tan, M. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(5), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.54

Danese, A. & van Harmelen, A. (2017). The hidden wounds of childhood trauma. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375840

Daniunaite, I., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Thoresen, S., Zelviene, P., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: Discriminating factors in a population-based cross-sectional study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 12(1), 1890937-1890937. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1890937

Danylchuk, L., & Connors, K. (2017). Treating complex trauma and dissociation. New York: Routledge.

Davies, J., & Frawley, M. (1994). Treating the adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse: A psychoanalytic perspective. New York: Basic Books.

de Boer, K., Gnatt, I., Mackelprang, J. L., Williamson, D., Eckel, D., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2021). Phase-based approaches for treating complex trauma: A critical evaluation and case for implementation in the australian context. Australian Psychologist, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2021.1968274

DePierro, J., D'Andrea, W., Spinazzola, J., Stafford, E., van Der Kolk, B., Saxe, G., Stolbach, B., McKernan, S., & Ford, J. D. (2022). Beyond PTSD: Client presentations of developmental trauma disorder from a national survey of clinicians.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(7), 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000532

De Jongh, A., Resick, P., Zoellner, L., van Minnen, A., Lee, C., Monson, C., Foa, E., . . . Bicanic, I. (2016). Critical analysis of the current treatment guidelines for Complex PTSD in adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(5), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22469

de Silva, U., Glover, N., & Katona, C. (2021). Prevalence of complex post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers: Systematic review. BJPsych Open, 7(6), e194-e194. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.101

Dell, P. F., & John O’Neil. (2009). Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-5 and Beyond. 1st ed. New York, NY: Routledge.

Dhingra, K., Mitchell, S. M., Davies, B., & Taylor, P. J. (2021). Examining the factor structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex-PTSD among prison staff exposed to potentially traumatic experiences. Psychiatry Research, 303, 114085- 114085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114085

Dokkedahl, S., Kristensen, T. R., & Elklit, A. (2022). Can Women Shelters Help Reduce Symptoms of PTSD and C-PTSD? Trajectories of PTSD Symptom Development Following Partner- and Family-Related Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211066568

Dokkedahl, S., Kristensen, T. R., Murphy, S., & Elklit, A. (2021). The complex trauma of psychological  violence: Cross-sectional findings from a cohort of four danish women shelters. European  Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1863580.        https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1863580

Dolan, Y. (1990).  Resolving sexual abuse: Solution-focused therapy and Ericksonian hypnosis for adult survivors. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Dorahy, M., Corry, M., Black, R., Matheson, L., Coles, H., Curran, D., Seager, L., Middleton, W., & Dyer, K.  (2017). Shame, dissociation, and Complex PTSD symptoms in traumatized psychiatric and control groups: Direct and indirect associations with relationship distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(4), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22339

Dorahy, M., Corry, M., Shannon, M., Macsherry, A., Hamilton, G., McRobert, G., Elder, R., & Hanna, D. (2009). Complex PTSD, interpersonal trauma and relational consequences: Findings from a treatment-receiving Northern Irish sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 112(1-3), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.003 

Dorahy, M. J., Gold, S. N., & O’Neil, J. A. (2023). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: Past, present, future (2nd ed). New York: Routledge.

Dube, S., Fairweather, D., Pearson, W., Felitti, V., Anda, R., & Croft, J. (2009). Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(2), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907888

Dumarkaite, A., Truskauskaite-Kuneviciene, I., Andersson, G., Mingaudaite, J., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021).  Effects of mindfulness-based internet intervention on ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 12(11), 2754-2766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01739-w

Dvir, Y., Ford, J., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. (2014). Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 149–161. http://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014

Dyer, K. F. W., & Corrigan, J. (2021). Psychological treatments for complex PTSD: A commentary on the clinical and empirical impasse dividing unimodal and phase-oriented therapy positions. Psychological Trauma, https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001080

Dyer, K., Dorahy, M., Hamilton, G., Corry, M., Shannon, M., MacSherry, A., McRobert, G., . . . & McElhill, B. (2009). Anger, aggression, and self-harm in PTSD and Complex PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(10), 1099–1114. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20619

Eidhof, M., Djelantik, A., Klaassens, E., Kantor, V., Rittmansberger, D., Sleijpen, M., Steenbakkers, A., Weindl, D., & Ter Heide, F. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in patients exposed to emotional neglect and traumatic events: Latent class analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22363

Elklit, A., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2014). Evidence of symptom profiles consistent with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in different trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 51(10). https://doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24221

Elliott, R., McKinnon, A., Dixon, C., Boyle, A., Murphy, F., Dahm, T., Travers‐Hill, E., Mul, C., Archibald, S., Smith, P., Dalgleish, T., Meiser‐Stedman, R., & Hitchcock, C. (2021). Prevalence and predictive       value of ICD‐11 post‐traumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD diagnoses in children and    adolescents exposed to a single‐event trauma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(3),    270-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13240

Ebert, A., & Dyck, M. (2004). The experience of mental death: The core feature of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(6), 617–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.002

Facer-Irwin, E., Karatzias, T., Bird, A., Blackwood, N., & MacManus, D. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in male prisoners in the UK: Prevalence, trauma antecedents, and psychiatric comorbidities. Psychological Medicine, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172004936

Felding, S. U., Mikkelsen, L. B., & Bach, B. (2021). Complex PTSD and personality disorder in ICD-11: when to assign one or two diagnoses?. Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and  New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 29(6), 590–594.     https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562211014212

Figley, C. (Ed.). (1985). Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.  New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Figley, C. (Ed.). (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Foa, E., Keane, T., Friedman, M., & Cohen, J. (Eds.). (2008). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2nd Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Folke, S., Nielsen A., Andersen, B., Karatzias, T., & Karstoft, K. (2019). ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in treatment-seeking Danish veterans: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1). https://doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1686806 

Folke, S., Nielsen, A. B. S., & Karstoft, K. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in treatment-seeking danish soldiers: A replication of folke et al. (2019) using the international trauma questionnaire. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1930703-1930703. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1930703

Follette, V., & Ruzek, J. (Eds.). (2006). Cognitive-behavioral treatments for trauma (2nd Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. 

Follette, V., Ruzek, J., & Abueg, F. (Eds.). (1998). Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma. New York: The Guilford Press.

Fonagy, P. (2001). Attachment theory and psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press.

Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Fonagy, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York: Other Press.   

Ford, J. (2015). Complex PTSD: Research directions for nosology/assessment, treatment, and public health. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 27584. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27584

Ford J. (2019). Commentary on the special section on Complex PTSD: Still going strong after all these years. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 877–880. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22474

Ford, J. D. (2020). New findings questioning the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD): Let's take a closer look. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1708145-1708145. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1708145

Ford, J. D. (2021). Polyvictimization and developmental trauma in childhood. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(sup1)https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1866394

Ford, J., & Courtois, C. (2014). Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-6673-1-9

Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2021). Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 8(1), 16-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9

Ford, J., & Courtois, C. (Eds.) (2020). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents: Scientific foundations and therapeutic models (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Ford, J., Courtois, C., Steele, K., Van der Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E. (2005). Treatment of complex posttraumatic self-dysregulation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20051

Ford J. & Gómez, J. (2015) The relationship of psychological trauma and dissociative and posttraumatic stress disorders to nonsuicidal self-Injury and suicidality: A review. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(3), 232-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.989563

Ford, J. & Kidd, P. (1998). Childhood trauma and disorders of extreme stress as predictors of treatment outcome with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 731-761.  https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024497400891

Ford, J., & Smith, A. (2009). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults receiving public sector outpatient substance abuse disorder treatment. Addiction Research & Theory, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350701615078

Ford, J. D., Shevlin, M., Karatzias, T., Charak, R., & Spinazzola, J. (2022). Can Developmental Trauma disorder be distinguished from posttraumatic stress disorder? A confirmatory factor Analytic Test of Four Structural Models. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 10.1007/s10802-022-00916-2. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00916-2

Ford, J. D., Spinazzola, J., van der Kolk, B., & Chan, G. (2022). Toward an empirically based Developmental Trauma Disorder diagnosis and semi-structured interview for children: The DTD field trial replication. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 145(6), 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13424

Fosha, D. (2000). The transforming power of affect: A model for accelerated change. New York: Basic.

Fosha, D., Siegel, D., & Solomon, M. (2009). The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development & clinical practice. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Fox, R., Hyland, P., Coogan, A. N., Cloitre, M., & McHugh Power, J. (2021). Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23225

Fox, R., Hyland, P., Coogan, A. N., Cloitre, M., & McHugh Power, J. (2022). Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults. Journal of clinical psychology, 78(2), 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23225

Freyd, J. (1996). Betrayal-trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Freyd, J. (2013). Blind to betrayal: why we fool ourselves we aren’t being fooled. New Jersey: Wiley

Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2014). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness: exploring the 4-D model. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 15(4), 436–456

Frost, R., Hyland, P., McCarthy, A., Halpin, R., Shevlin, M., & Murphy, J. (2019). The complexity of trauma exposure and response: Profiling PTSD and CPTSD among a refugee sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 11(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000408

Frost, R., Vang, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M.  (2019). The distribution of psychosis, ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms among a trauma-exposed UK general population sample. Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, 11(3).  https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2019.1626472

Fuss, J., (2019). Public stakeholders’ comments on ICD-11 chapters related to mental and sexual health. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 233-35.  https://doi:10.1002/wps.20635

Fyvie, C., Easton, P., Moreton, G., McKeever, J., & Karatzias, T. (2019). The Rivers Centre in Scotland: An attachment-based service model for people with Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 864- 869. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22458

García, C., Navarro, L., Lietor, M., Iñiguez, I., & Giancola, A. (2021). The overlap between complex posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. European Psychiatry, 64(S1), S754-S754. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1997

Gartner, R. B. (1999a). Betrayed as boys: Psychodynamic treatment of sexually abused men. New York: The Guilford Press.

Gelezelyte, O., Roberts, N. P., Kvedaraite, M., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Kairyte, A., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Kazlauskas, E. (2022). Validation of the International Trauma Interview (ITI) for the Clinical Assessment of ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) in a Lithuanian Sample. European journal of psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2037905. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2037905

Gelinas, D. J. (2003). Integrating EMDR into phase-oriented treatment for trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(3), 91-135. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v04n03_06

Gil, E. (1988).  Treatment of adult survivors of childhood abuse. Walnut Creek: Launch Press.

Gilbar, O., Dekel, R., Hyland, P., & Cloitre, M. (2020). Examining ICD-11 CPTSD factors as predictors of severity of intimate partner violence among mandated men. Child Abuse & Neglect, 262, 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.060

Giourou E., Skokou, M., Andrew, S., Alexopoulou, K., Gourzis, P., & Jelastopulu, E. (2018). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: The need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to re-evaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma? World Journal of Psychiatry, 8(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v8.i1.12 

Gold, S. L. (2000). Not trauma alone: Therapy for child abuse survivors in family and social context. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.

Gómez, J., Lewis, J., Noll, L., Smidt, A., & Birrell, P. (2015) Shifting the focus: Nonpathologizing approaches to healing from betrayal trauma through an emphasis on relational care. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(2), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1103104

Goodman, M. (2012). Complex PTSD is on the trauma spectrum: Comment on Resick et al. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 254-255.

Gouin, J., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W., Beversdorf, D., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (2012). Childhood abuse and inflammatory responses to daily stressors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(2), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9386-1

Grossman, E., Hoffman, Y., Shrira, A., Kedar, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Dinnayi, M., & Zivotofsky, A. (2019). Preliminary evidence linking complex-PTSD to insomnia in a sample of Yazidi genocide survivors. Psychiatry Research, 271, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.044

Grossman, F., Spinazzola, J., Zucker, M., & Hopper, E. (2017). Treating adult survivors of childhood emotional abuse and neglect: A new framework. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(1), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000225

Guo, T., Huang, L., Hall, D. L., Jiao, C., Chen, S., Yu, Q., Yeung, A., Chi, X., & Zou, L. (2021). The relationship between childhood adversities and complex posttraumatic stress symptoms: A multiple mediation model. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1936921-1936921. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1936921

Guzman Torres, E., Krause-Utz, A., & Sack, M. (2023). Predictors of complex PTSD: the role of trauma characteristics, dissociation, and comorbid psychopathology. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-022-00208-7

Haahr-Pedersen, I., Perera, C., Hyland, P., Vallieres, F., Murphy, D., Hansen, M., Spitz, . . . & Cloitre, M. (2020). Females have more complex patterns of childhood adversity: Implications for mental, social, and emotional outcomes in adulthood. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11:1, 1708618. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1708618

Harris, M.  (1998). Trauma recovery and empowerment: A clinician’s guide for working with women in groups. New York: The Free Press.

Hart, H., and Katya Rubia. (2012). Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2012 March 19;6:52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052

Haselgruber, A., Knefel, M., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2021). Foster children's complex psychopathology in the context of cumulative childhood trauma: The interplay of ICD-11 complex PTSD, dissociation, depression, and emotion regulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.116

Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2020). Validation of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in foster children using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(1), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13100

Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2020). Symptom structure of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in trauma-exposed foster children: Examining the international trauma questionnaire - child and adolescent version (ITQ-CA). European Journal of  Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1818974-         1818974. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1818974

Haskell, L. & Randall, M. (2009). Disrupted attachments: A social context complex trauma framework and the lives of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 5(3), 48-99. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1569034

Haven, T., & Pearlman, L. (2004). Minding the body: The intersection of dissociation and physical health in relational trauma psychotherapy.  In K.A. Kendall-Tackett (Ed.), Health consequences of abuse in the family: A clinical guide for evidence-based practice, 215-232. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Healy, C. J., Lee, K. A., & D’Andrea, W. (2021). Using Psychedelics With Therapeutic Intent Is Associated With Lower Shame and Complex Trauma Symptoms in Adults With Histories of Child Maltreatment. Chronic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470211029881

Hébert, M., & Amédée, L. M. (2020). Latent class analysis of post-traumatic stress symptoms and complex PTSD in child victims of sexual abuse and their response to trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1807171-1807171. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1807171

Hébert, M., Paradis, A., & Fortin, A. (2021). Symptom patterns of sexually abused teenage girls seeking services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91(4), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000548

Hecker, T., Huber, S., Maier, T., & Maercker, A. (2018). Differential associations among PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms and traumatic experiences and postmigration difficulties in a culturally diverse refugee sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 795–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22342

Heide, F., Mooren, T., & Kleber, R. (2016). Complex PTSD and phased treatment in refugees: A debate piece. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 28687. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.28687

Heim, E., Karatzias, T., & Andreas Maercker. (2022). Cultural concepts of distress and complex PTSD: future directions for research and treatment. Clinical psychology review, Vol 93., April 2022, 102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102143

Heim, C., Nater, U., Maloney, E., Boneva, R., Jones, J., & Reeves, W. (2009). Childhood trauma and risk for chronic fatigue syndrome: Association with neuroendocrine dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.508

Helpingstine, C., Kenny, M. C., & Malik, F. (2021). Vicarious traumatization and burnout among service providers for victims of commercial sexual exploitation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 30(6), 722-745. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2021.1938771

Henning, J. A., Brand, B., & Courtois, C. A. (2022). Graduate training and certification in trauma treatment for clinical practitioners. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 16(4), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000326

Herman, J. (1981; 2000). Father-daughter incest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Herman, J. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305 

Herman, J. (1992, 1997). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence - from domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.

Herman, J. (2012). CPTSD is a distinct entity: Comment on Resick et al. (2012). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 256-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21697

Herman, J., & Kallivayalil, D. (2019). Group trauma treatment in early recovery: Promoting safety and self-care. New York, The Guilford Press.

Herod, L., & Kop, R. (2017). It’s not just about support: Self-directed learning in an online self-help group [for Complex PTSD]. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 14(2), 13-26.

Hiller, R. M., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Elliott, E., Banting, R., & Halligan, S. L. (2021). A longitudinal study of cognitive predictors of (complex) post‐traumatic stress in young people in out‐of‐home care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(1), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13232

Ho, G., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Inoue, S., Yang, P., Chen, F., Chan, A., & Karatzias, T. (2020). The validity of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in East Asian cultures: Findings with young adults from China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11, 1717826. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1717826

Ho, G., Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Chan, A., Bressington, D., Chien, W., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex P TSD (CPTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718

Ho, G. W. K., Karatzias, T., Vallières, F., Bondjers, K., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Astill Wright, L., & Hyland, P. (2021). Complex PTSD symptoms mediate the association between childhood trauma and physical health problems. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 142, 110358-110358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110358

Hoeboer, C. M., de Kleine, R. A., Oprel, D. A. C., Schoorl, M., van der Does, W., & van Minnen, A. (2021). Does complex PTSD predict or moderate treatment outcomes of three variants of exposure therapy? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 80, 102388-102388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102388

Holman, D., Ports, K., Buchanan, N., Hawkins, N., Merrick, M., Metzler, M., & Trivers, K. (2016). The association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and risk of cancer in adulthood: A systematic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 138(Suppl 1), S81–S91. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4268L

Hopper, E., Grossman, F., Spinazola, J., & Zucker, M. (2019). Treating adult survivors of childhood emotional abuse and neglect: Component-based psychotherapy. New York, The Guilford Press.

Horowitz, M. (1976; 1986; 1997). Stress response syndromes. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Horowitz, M. (2003). Treatment of stress response syndromes. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, Inc.

Hovdestad, W., Shields, M., Shaw, A., & Tonmyr, L. (2020). Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for cancer: Findings from a population-based survey of Canadian adults. BMC Cancer, 20(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6481-8

Howell, E. F. (2016). The dissociative mind in psychoanalysis: understanding and working with trauma. London, UK: Routledge.

Howell, E. (2019). From hysteria to chronic relational trauma disorder. In A. Moskowitz, M.J. Dorahy, I., Shafer (Eds), Psychosis, trauma, and dissociation: evolving perspectives on severe psychopathology 2nded. (pp. 83-98). NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Howe, M. L., Goodman, G. S., & Cicchetti, D. (Eds.). (2008). Stress, trauma, and children's memory development: Neurobiological, cognitive, clinical, and legal perspectives. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308457.001.0001

Hudgins, K. (2002). Experiential treatment for PTSD: The therapeutic spiral model. New York: Springer.

Hug, F., Degen, T., Meurs, P., & Fischmann, T. (2022). Psychoanalytical Considerations of Emotion Regulation Disorders in Multiple Complex-Traumatized Children-A Study Protocol of the Prospective Study MuKi. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 16, 809616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.809616

Hunter, N. (2018). Trauma and madness in mental health services. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 

Hyland, P. (2019). The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, Complex PTSD and dissociative experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675113

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Cloitre, M. (2019). Examining the discriminant validity of complex   post traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder symptoms: Results from a United Kingdom population sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 855-863. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22444

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2020). A longitudinal study of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in the general population of Israel. Psychiatry Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112871

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., McElroy, E., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2021). Does     requiring trauma exposure affect rates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? implications for DSM-         5. Psychological Trauma, 13(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000908

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Elklit A., Murphy, J., Vallières, F., Garvert D., & Cloitre, M. (2017). An assessment of the construct validity of the ICD-11 proposal for Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, And Policy, 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000114 

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Cloitre, M., & Karatzias, T. (2020). The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, Complex PTSD and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675113

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., & Karatzias, T. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: Clinical and behavioral correlates. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22272

Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Cloitre, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Olff, M., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2021). Trauma, PTSD, and complex PTSD in the Republic of Ireland: prevalence, service use, comorbidity, and risk factors. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 56(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01912-x

Ide, N., & Paez, A. (2000). Complex PTSD: A review of current issues. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2(1), 43–49.

International Society for the Study of Dissociation (2005). Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(4), 69-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.537247 

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Guidelines Committee (n.d.). Position Paper on Complex PTSD in Adults. https://istss.org/getattachment/Treating-Trauma/New-ISTSS-Prevention-and-Treatment-Guidelines/ISTSS_CPTSD-Position-Paper-(Adults)_FNL.pdf.aspx

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Guidelines Committee (n.d.). Position Paper on Complex PTSD in Children and Adolescents. https://istss.org/getattachment/Treating-Trauma/New-ISTSS-Prevention-and-Treatment-Guidelines/ISTSS_CPTSD-Position-Paper-(Child_Adol)_FNL.pdf.aspx

Iqbal, A., Kumar, S., Hansen, J., Heyrman, M., Spee, R., & Lteif, A. (2020). Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with glycemic control and lipids in children with Type 1 Diabetes. Children, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7010008

Jakubowski, K. P., Cundiff, J. M., & Matthews, K. A. (2018). Cumulative childhood adversity and adult cardiometabolic disease: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 37(8), 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000637

Jehu, D. (1988). Beyond sexual abuse: Therapy with women who were childhood victims. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Johnson, S. L. (2009). Therapist’s guide to posttraumatic stress disorder intervention. New York: Elsevier, Academic Press.

Johnson, S. M. (2002). Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors: Strengthening attachment bonds. New York: The Guilford Press.

Jowett, S., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Hyland, P. (2021). Psychological trauma at different developmental stages and ICD-11 CPTSD: The role of dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2021.1934936

Jowett, S., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Albert, I. (2020). Differentiating symptom profiles of ICD-11 PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder: A latent class analysis in a multiply traumatized sample. Personality Disorders, 11(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000346 

Kajeepeta, S., Gelaye, B., Jackson, C., & Williams, M. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences are associated with adult sleep disorders: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine, 16(3), 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.013

Kangaslampi, S., Garoff, F., Golden, S., & Peltonen, K. (2021). A network analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms among help-seeking refugees in Kenya. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102358

Karatzias, T., & Cloitre, M. (2019). Treating adults with Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder using a modular approach to treatment: Rationale, evidence, and directions for future research. Journal of Traumatic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22457  

Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Maercker, M., Kazlauskas, E., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J., Roberts, N. & Brewin, C. (2017). PTSD and Complex PTSD: ICD-11 updates on concept and measurement in the UK, USA, Germany and Lithuania. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(7), 1418103. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1418103    

Karatzias, T., Howard, R., Power, K., Socherel, F., Heath, C., & Livingstone, A. (2017). Organic vs. functional neurological disorders: The role of childhood psychological trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.011

Karatzias, T. Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Cloitre, M., Roberts, N. Bisson, J., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma‐exposed population-based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression and Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22934 

Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Ben-Ezra, M., & Shevlin, M. (2018). Hyperactivation and hypoactivation affective dysregulation symptoms are integral in complex posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a nonclinical Israeli sample. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27(4), e1745. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1745

Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Fyvie, C., Logan, K., Easton, P., Thomas, J., Philips, S., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Cloitre, M., & Shevlin, M. (2018). Is self-compassion a worthwhile therapeutic target for ICD-11 Complex PTSD (CPTSD)? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 47(3), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000577  

Karatzias, T., & Levendosky, A. (2019). Introduction to the special section on complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD): The evolution of a disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 817–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22476

Karatzias, T., Murphy, P., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Maercker, A., Ben-Ezra, M., Coventry, P., Mason-Roberts, S., Bradley, A., & Hutton, P. (2019). Psychological interventions for ICD-11 Complex PTSD: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000436   

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Ford, J. D., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Hyland, P., & Cloitre, M. (2021). Childhood trauma, attachment orientation, and complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms in a clinical sample: Implications for treatment. Development and Psychopathology, , 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457942000150

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Garozi, M., Latham, E., Sinclair, M., Ho, G. W. K., McAnee, G., Ford, J. D., & Hyland, P. (2020). Adverse and benevolent childhood experiences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD): Implications for trauma-focused therapies. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1793599-         1793599. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1793599

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N., Bisson, J., Brewin., C. & Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ), Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.032

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Ford, J. D., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Hyland, P., & Cloitre, M. (2021). Childhood trauma, attachment orientation, and complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms in a clinical sample: Implications for treatment. Development and psychopathology, 1–6. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001509c

Kazlauskas, E., Zelviene, P., Daniunaite, I., Hyland, P., Kvedaraite, M., Shevlin, M., & Cloitre, M. (2020). The structure of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in adolescents exposed to potentially traumatic experiences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1717826

Kelly-Irving, M., Mabile, L., Grosclaude, P., Lang, T., & Delpierre, C. (2013). The embodiment of adverse childhood experiences and cancer development: Potential biological mechanisms and pathways across the life course. International Journal of Public Health, 58(1), 3–11.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0370-0  

Kempke, S., Luyten, P., De Coninck, S., Van Houdenhove, B., Mayes, L., & Claes, S. (2015). Effects of early childhood trauma on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.027

Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2003). Treating the lifetime health effects of childhood victimization. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.

Kendall-Tackett, K. (2004). Health consequences of abuse in the family: A clinical guide for evidence-based practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Kendall-Tackett, K. (2005). Handbook of women, stress, and trauma. New York: Brunner Routledge.

Kepner, J. (1995). Healing tasks: Psychotherapy with adult survivors of childhood abuse. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kezelman C., & Stavropoulos P. (2019) Practice Guidelines for Clinical Treatment of Complex Trauma. Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kezelman C., & Stavropoulos P. (2019) Complementary Guidelines to Practice Guidelines for Clinical Treatment of Complex Trauma. Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kezelman C., Stavropoulos P. (2020) Practice Guidelines for Identifying and Treating Complex Trauma-Related Dissociation. Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kezelman C. Stavropoulos P. (2020) Guidelines for Clinical Supervisors of Therapists who work with Complex Trauma and Dissociation.  Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kidd, T., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(6), 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.014

Kinsler, P. (2018). Complex psychological trauma. New York: Routledge. 

King, R. (2010). Commentary: Complex Post-traumatic stress disorder: Implications for individuals with autism spectrum disorders – Part 1. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2010.

King, R., & Desaulnier, C. L. (2011). Commentary: Complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Implications for individuals with autism spectrum disorders—Part 2. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 47–59.

Klein, R. H., & Schermer, V. L. (Eds.). (2000). Group psychotherapy for psychological trauma. New York: The Guilford Press.

Kluft, R. (Ed.). (1990). Incest-related syndromes of adult psychopathology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Kluft, R. (2000). The psychoanalytic psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder in the context of trauma therapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 20, 259-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692009348887

Kluft, R. (2006). Dealing with alters: A pragmatic clinical perspective. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 281-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.010

Kluft, R. (2007). Applications of innate affect theory to the understanding and treatment of dissociative identity disorder. In E. Vermetten, M., J. Dorahy, & D. Spiegel (Eds.). Traumatic dissociation: neurobiology and treatment (301-316). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Knefel, M., Garvert, D. W., Cloitre, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2015). Update to an evaluation of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD criteria in a sample of adult survivors of childhood institutional abuse by Knefel & Lueger-Schuster (2013): A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 61-6. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.22608

Knefel, M., Lueger‐Schuster, B., Bisson, J., Karatzias, T., Kazlauskas, E., & Roberts, N. (2019). A cross-cultural comparison of ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptom networks in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Lithuania, Journal of Traumatic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22361

Knefel, M., Lueger-Schuster, B., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Hyland, P. (2018). From child maltreatment to ICD-11 Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms: The role of emotion regulation and re-victimisation. Journal of Clinical Psychology 75(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22655

Knefel, M., Karatzias, T., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., Lueger-Schuster, B., & Maercker, A. (2019). The replicability of ICD-11 Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom networks in adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.286

Kohlenberg, R., & Tsai, M. (1991). Functional analytic psychotherapy. New York: Plenum Press.

Koirala, R., Iyer Søegaard, E. G., Kan, Z., Ojha, S. P., Hauff, E., & Thapa, S. B. (2021). Exploring complex PTSD in patients visiting a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Kathmandu, Nepal. Journal of psychiatric research, 143, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.030

Konkolÿ Thege, B., Horwood, L., Slater, L., Tan, M., Hodgins, D., & Wild, T. (2017). Relationship between interpersonal trauma exposure and addictive behaviors: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1323-1

Kozlowska, W. (2019). A thematic analysis of practitioners' understanding of domestic abuse in terms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex‐PTSD (C‐PTSD). Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 20(2), 357-367. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12272

Kramer, S. & Akhtar, S. (Eds.). (1991). The trauma of transgression: Psychotherapy of incest victims. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Krammer, S., Kleim, B., Simmen-Janevska, K., & Maercker, A. (2016). Childhood trauma and Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in older adults: A study of direct effects and social-interpersonal factors as potential mediators. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(5), 593-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2014.991861

Kuhar, M., & Zager Kocjan, G. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and somatic symptoms in adulthood: A moderated mediation effects of disturbed self-organization and resilient coping. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001040 

Kumar, S., Brand, B., & Courtois, C. (2019). The need for trauma training: Clinicians' reactions to training on complex trauma. Psychological Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000515

Laddis, A. (2011). Medication for Complex Post Traumatic Disorders. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20, 6, 645-668. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.596137 

Laddis A. (2019). The disorder-specific psychological impairment in Complex PTSD: A flawed working model for restoration of trust. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2018.1451804 

Landy, M., Wagner, A., Brown-Bowers, A., & Monson, C. (2015). Examining the evidence for Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as a clinical diagnosis. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 24, 215-236.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1002649

Lanius, R., Vermetten, E., & Pain, C. (Eds.) (2010). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lanius R, Bluhm RL, Frewen PA. How understanding the neurobiology of complex post-traumatic stress disorder can inform clinical practice: a social cognitive and affective neuroscience approach. Acta Psychiatry Scandanavia. 2011 Nov;124(5):331-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01755.x . Epub 2011 Aug 19. PMID: 21854369.

Lee, J., Kim, C., & Nam, J. K. (2021). Online guided imagery in traumatic memory processing for at-risk complex PTSD adults. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 26(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1738062

Leehan, J., & Webb, L. (1996). Group treatment for adult survivors of abuse: A manual for practitioners. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Leehan, J., & Wilson, L. (1985). Grown-up abused children. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Letica-Crepulja, M., Stevanović, A., Protuđer, M., Juretić, T. G., Rebić, J., & Frančišković, T. (2020) Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11:1. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1716593

Levine, H. (Ed). (1990). Adult analysis and childhood sexual abuse. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.

Lew, M. (1988). Victims no longer: Men recovering from incest and other sexual child abuse. New York: Nevtraumont Publishing Company.

Lewin, M., Lopachin, J., Delorme, J., Opendak, M., Sullivan, R., & Wilson, D. (2019). Early life trauma has lifelong consequences for sleep and behavior. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 16701. 

Lewis, S. J., Koenen, K. C., Ambler, A., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., & Danese, A. (2021). Unravelling the contribution of complex trauma to psychopathology and cognitive deficits: A cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 219(2), 448- 455. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.57

Li, S., Guo, C., & Chan, S. (2022). ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex PTSD Among Hospital Medical Workers in China: Impacts of Wenchuan Earthquake Exposure, Workplaces, and Sociodemographic Factors. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 735861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735861

Liddell, B., Nickerson, A., Felmingham, K., Malhi, G., Cheung, J., Den, M., Askovic, M., … & Bryant, R. (2019). Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptom profiles in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 822–832. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22453

Lin, D., & Kulkarni, J. (2021). Diagnostic overlap: Complex post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211034730

Liotti, G. (1999). Disorganization of attachment as a model for understanding dissociative psychopathology, In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disorganization (291-317). New York: The Guilford Press.

Liotti, G. (1995). Disorganized/disoriented attachment in the psychotherapy of the dissociative disorders. In S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr (Eds.), Attachment theory:  Social, developmental and clinical perspectives (343-363). Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.

Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: The Guilford Press.

Litvin, J., Kaminski, P., & Riggs, S. (2017). The Complex Trauma Inventory: A self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(6), 602–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22231

Lotzin, A., Haupt, L., von Schönfels, J., Wingenfeld, K., & Schäfer, I. (2016). Profiles of childhood trauma in patients with alcohol dependence and their associations with addiction-related problems. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(3), 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12990

Longo, L., Jannini, T., Merlo, M., Cecora, V., Gagliano, M., D’Imperia, B., Daverio, A., Monaco, L., Rossi, R., Niolu, C., Siracusano, A., & Lorenzo, G. D. (2021). Suicidality in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Psychiatry, 64(S1), S142-S142. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.390

Luthar, S. S., Ciciolla, L., & Suh, B. C. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences among youth from high-achieving schools: Appraising vulnerability processes toward fostering resilience. American Psychologist, 76(2), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000754

Maercker, A., Bernays, F., Rohner, S. L., & Thoma, M. V. (2021). A cascade model of complex posttraumatic stress disorder centered on childhood trauma and maltreatment, attachment, and socio-interpersonal factors. Journal of traumatic stress, 10.1002/jts.22756. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22756

Maercker A., Brewin C., Bryant R., Cloitre M., van Ommeren M., Jones L., . . . Reed G. (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20057

Maercker, A., Hecker, T., Augsburger, M., & Kliem, S. (2018). ICD-11 prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in a German nationwide sample. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(4), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000790

Magruder, K., Kassam-Adams, N., Thoresen, S., & Olff, M. (2016). Prevention and public health approaches to trauma and traumatic stress: a rationale and a call to action. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.29715

Magruder, K. McLaughlin, K., & Borbon, D. (2017). Trauma is a public health issue. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375338

Mahoney, A., Karatzias, T., & Hutton, P. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of group treatments for adults with symptoms associated with complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.059

Makhija, N., & Sher, L. (2007). Childhood abuse, adult alcohol use disorders and suicidal behaviour. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 100(5), 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcm024

Marinova, Z., & Maercker, A. (2015). Biological correlates of complex posttraumatic stress disorder-state of research and future directions. European journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 25913. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.25913

Mason, S., Bryn Austin, S., Bakalar, J., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Field, A., Gooding, H., Holsen, L., . . . & Rich-Edwards, J. (2016). Child maltreatment's heavy toll: The need for trauma-informed obesity prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(5), 646–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.004  

Massazza, A., de Almeida, J.F., Quinlan-Davidson, M. et al. Local understandings of PTSD and complex PTSD among health professionals working with adolescents in violent neighbourhoods of São Paulo city, Brazil. BMC Psychiatry 22, 196 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03821-6

Matheson, C., & Weightman, E. (2021). Research and recovery: Can patient participation in research promote recovery for people with complex post‐traumatic stress disorder, CPTSD? Health Expectations : An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 24(S1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13014

Maté, G. (2008). In the realm of hungry ghosts: Close encounters with addiction. Toronto: Knopf Canada.

Maté, G. (2012). Addiction: Childhood trauma, stress and the biology of addiction. Journal of Restorative Medicine, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.14200/jrm.2012.1.1005

Maunder, R., Lancee, W., Nolan, R., Hunter, J., & Tannenbaum, D. (2006). The relationship of attachment insecurity to subjective stress and autonomic function during standardized acute stress in healthy adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(3), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.08.013

McCann, I., & Pearlman, L. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: Theory, therapy, and transformation. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

McDonnell, M., Robjant, K., & Katona, C. (2013). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder and survivors of human rights violations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835aea9d

McGinty, G., Fox, R., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Hyland, P. (2021). Sex and age differences in ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: An analysis of four general population samples. European Psychiatry, 64(1), E66. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2239

McWhorter, K., Parks, C., D'Aloisio, A., Rojo-Wissar, D., Sandler, D., & Jackson, C. (2019). Traumatic childhood experiences and multiple dimensions of poor sleep among adult women. Sleep, 42(8), zsz108. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz108

McQuillan, K., Hyland, P., & Frederique, V. (2022). Prevalence, correlates, and the mitigation of ICD-11 CPTSD among homeless adults: The role of self-compassion. Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105569

Mekawi, Y., Guelfo, A., Karimzadeh, L., Powers, A., & Fani, N. (2021). Validation and construct validity of the posttraumatic avoidance behaviour questionnaire in a sample of trauma-exposed black women. Journal of Traumatic Stress. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22649  

Mendelsohn, M., Herman, J., Schatzow, E., Coco, M., Kallivayalil., D., & Levitan, J. (2011). The trauma recovery group: A guide for practitioners. New York, The Guilford Press. 

Menon V. (2021). Dissociation by Network Integration. The American journal of psychiatry, 178(2), 110–112.

Mikulincer M. (1998). Adult attachment style and individual differences in functional versus dysfunctional experiences of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.2.513  

Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024515519160

Miller, A. (2005). The body never lies: the lingering effects of hurtful parenting. New York: W.W. Norton.

Miller, A. (2007). The drama of the gifted child: The search for the true self (Rev. ed.). New York: Basic Books.

Mills, J. (2005). Treating attachment pathology. New York: Jason Aronson. 

Mitchell, S., & Steele, K. (2021). Mentalising in complex trauma and dissociative disorders. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation = Revue Europâeenne Du Trauma Et De La Dissociation, 5(3), 100168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100168

Møller, L., Augsburger, M., Elklit, A., Søgaard, U., & Simonsen, E. (2020). Traumatic experiences, ICD-11 PTSD, ICD-11 complex PTSD, and the overlap with ICD-10 diagnoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(5), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13161 

Møller, L., Bach, B., Augsburger, M., Elklit, A., Søgaard, U., & Simonsen, E. (2021). Structure of ICD-11 complex PTSD and relationship with psychoform and somatoform dissociation. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation = Revue Europâeenne Du Trauma Et De La Dissociation, 5(3), 100233.

Møller, L., Meisner, M. W., Søgaard, U., Elklit, A., & Simonsen, E. (2021). Assessment of personality functioning in ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 12(5), 466-474. http://.doi.org/10.1037/per0000491

Møller, L., Søgaard, U., Elklit, A., & Simonsen, E. (2021). Differences between ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD on DSM-5 section III personality traits. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1894805-1894805. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1894805 

Mollon, P. (2002). Remembering trauma: A psychotherapist’s guide to memory & illusion.  (2nd Ed.). London: Whurr.

Mooren, T., & Stofsel, M. (2010). Diagnosing and treating complex trauma.  New York: Routledge.

Morelli, N. M., & Villodas, M. T. (2022). A Systematic Review of the Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility of Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) Symptom Criteria. Clinical child and family psychology review, 25(2), 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00374-0

Moskowitz, A., Dorahy, M.J., & Shafer, I. (2019). Psychosis, trauma, and dissociation: evolving perspectives on severe psychopathology 2nd ed. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Muller, R. (2010). Trauma and avoidant attachment. New York: W. W. Norton.

Murphy, D., Karatzias, T., Busuttil, W., Greenberg, N., & Shevlin, M. (2021). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) in treatment seeking veterans: Risk factors and comorbidity. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(7), 1289-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02028-6

Nester, M. S., Boi, C., Brand, B. L., & Schielke, H. J. (2022). The reasons dissociative disorder patients self-injure. European journal of psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2026738. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2026738

Nester, M. S., Hawkins, S. L., & Brand, B. L. (2022). Barriers to accessing and continuing mental health treatment among individuals with dissociative symptoms. European journal of psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2031594. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2031594

Neumann, D., Houskamp, B., Pollock, V., & Briere, J. (1996). The long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in women: A meta-analytic review. Child Maltreatment, 1, 6-17. 

Niemeyer, H., Lorbeer, N., Mohr, J., Baer, E., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2022). Evidence-based individual psychotherapy for complex posttraumatic stress disorder and at-risk groups for complex traumatization: A meta-review. Journal of affective disorders, 299, 610–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.056

Nijenhuis, E. (2015). The Trinity of trauma: ignorance, fragility, and control; The concepts and facts of dissociation in trauma (vol. 1). Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Nijenhuis, E., & Den Boer, H. (2007). Psychobiology of traumatization and trauma-related structural dissociation of the personality. In E. Vermetten, M. Dorahy, & D. Spiegel (Eds.), Traumatic dissociation: Neurobiology and treatment (219-236). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Nijenhuis, E., Spinhoven, P., & Vanderlinden, J. (1998). Animal defensive reactions as a model for dissociative reactions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 243-260.

Norcross, J., & Wampold, B. (2019). Relationships and responsiveness in the psychological treatment of trauma: The tragedy of the APA Clinical Practice Guideline. Psychotherapy Theory Research & Practice 56(3). https://doi:10.1037/pst0000228

Obegi, J. & Berant, E. (2009). Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. New York: The Guilford Press.

Ochberg, F. (1988). Post-traumatic therapy and victims of violence. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Ogawa, J., Sroufe, L., Weinfeld, N., Carlson, E. & Egeland, B. (1997) Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample, Development and Psychopathology, 9, 855-880.

Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2015). The relation between insecure attachment and posttraumatic stress: Early life versus adulthood traumas. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 7(4), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000015

Oh, Y., & Rhee, M. K. (2021). Relationship between complex trauma experience in childhood-adolescence and interpersonal trauma in adulthood: Mediating effects of dissociation experience, relationship addiction, and internalized shame. Stress, 29(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.1.1

Omaha, J. (2004). Psychotherapeutic interventions for emotion regulation: EMDR and bilateral stimulation for affect management. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 

Opsvik, Y. Ø., Holbæk, I., Arefjord, K., & Hjeltnes, A. (2021). The challenge of being present with yourself: Exploring the lived experience of individuals with complex dissociative disorders. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation = Revue Europâeenne Du Trauma Et De La Dissociation, , 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100250

Ottisova, L., Smith, P., & Oram, S. (2018). Psychological consequences of human trafficking: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in trafficked children. Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2018.1432555

Ouimette, P., & Brown, P. J. (2003). Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Owczarek, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Vallieres, F., & Shevlin, M. (2020). Testing the factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in African community samples from Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria. Journal of Trauma and Loss. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1689718

Oz, S., & Ogiers, A. (2006). Overcoming childhood sexual trauma: A guide to breaking through the wall of fear for practitioners and survivors. New York: The Haworth Press.

Paddison, P. (Ed.). (1993). Treatment of adult survivors of incest survivors. Washington, D C: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Paivio, S., & Neuwenhuis, J. (2001). Efficacy of emotion-focused therapy for adult survivors of childhood abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007891716593

Paivio, S., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2010). Emotion focused therapy for complex trauma: An integrative approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Paivio, S., & Patterson, L. (1999). Alliance development in therapy for resolving child abuse issues. Psychotherapy, 36, 4, 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087843

Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Palgi, Y., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2021). Can subjective perceptions of trauma differentiate between ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? A cross-cultural comparison of three african countries. Psychological Trauma, 13(2), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000966

Pearlman, L., & Saakvitne, K. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Pearlman, L. (2001). The treatment of persons with Complex PTSD and other trauma-related disruptions of the self. In J.P. Wilson, M.J. Friedman, & J.D. Lindy (Eds.), Treating psychological trauma & PTSD, (205-236). New York: The Guilford Press.

Pearlman, L. (2003). Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS) manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

Pearlman, L., & Courtois, C. (2005). Clinical applications of the attachment framework: Relational treatment of complex trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 449-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20052

Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., Mandel, F., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES), Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490100103

Perkonigg, A., Höfler, M., Cloitre, M., Wittchen, H., Trautmann, S., & Maercker, A. (2016). Evidence for two different ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 266(4), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0639-4

Perry, B. (1993). Neurodevelopment and the neurophysiology of trauma I: Conceptual considerations for clinical work with maltreated children. The APSAC Advisor, 6 (1) 14-18.

Perry, B. (1993). Neurodevelopment and the neurophysiology of trauma II: Clinical work along the alarm-fear-terror continuum. The APSAC Advisor, 6, 14-20.

Perry, B. (2007). The boy who was raised as a dog. New York: Basic Books.

Pierrehumbert, B., Torrisi, R., Glatz, N., Dimitrova, N., Heinrichs, M., & Halfon, O. (2009). The influence of attachment on perceived stress and cortisol response to acute stress in women sexually abused in childhood or adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(6), 924–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.006

Polusny, M.M., & Follette, V. M. (1995). Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse: Theory and review of the empirical literature. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 4, 143-166.

Ports, K., Holman, D., Guinn, A., Pampati, S., Dyer, K., Merrick, M., Lunsford, N., & Metzler, M. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences and the presence of cancer risk factors in adulthood: A scoping review of the literature from 2005 to 2015. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 44, 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.009

Powers, A., Fani, N., Carter, S., Cross, D., Cloitre, M., & Bradley, B. (2017). Differential predictors of DSM-5 PTSD and ICD-11 complex PTSD among African American women. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1338914

Purnell, L. R., Graham, A. C. J., Bloomfield, M. A. P., & Billings, J. (2021). Reintegration interventions for CPTSD: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1934789-1934789. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1934789

Redican, E., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., McBride, O., Karatzias, T., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2022). The latent structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in a general population sample from USA: A factor mixture modelling approach. Journal of anxiety disorders, 85, 102497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102497

Resick, P. Bovin, M., Calloway, A., Dick, A., King, M., Mitchell, K., Suvak, M., Wells, S., Stirman, S., & Wolf, E. (2012). A critical evaluation of the Complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21699

Resick, P., Wolf, E., Wiltsey Stirman, S., Wells, S., Suvak, M., Mitchell, K., King, M., & Bovin, M. (2012). Advocacy through science: Reply to comments on Resick et al. (2012). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 260-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21702

Rosenthal, M., Reinhardt, K., & Birrell, P.  (2016) Guest editorial: Deconstructing disorder: An ordered reaction to a disordered environment. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1103103

Ross, S. L., Sharma-Patel, K., Brown, E. J., Huntt, J. S., & Chaplin, W. F. (2021). Complex trauma and Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: How do trauma chronicity and PTSD presentation affect treatment outcome? Child Abuse & Neglect, 111, 104734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104734

Roth, S., & Batson, R. (1997). Naming the shadows: A new approach to individual and group psychotherapy for survivors of childhood incest. New York: The Free Press.

Roth, S., Newman, E., Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B., & Mandel, F. (1997). Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: Results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(4), 539–555. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024837617768

Rothschild, B. (2000). The body remembers: The psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Rothschild, B. (2003). The body remembers:  Casebook unifying methods and models in the treatment of trauma and PTSD. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company.

Rumball, F., Antal, K., Happé, F., & Grey, N. (2021). Co-occurring mental health symptoms and cognitive processes in trauma-exposed ASD adults. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 110, 103836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103836

Rzeszutek, M., Lis-Turlejska, M., Pięta, M., Van Hoy, A., Zawistowska, M., Drabarek, K., . . . Frąc, D. (2021). Profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), and subjective well-being in a sample of adult children of alcoholics. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001211

Saakvitne, K., Gamble, S., Pearlman, L., & Lev, B. (2000). Risking connection: A training curriculum for working with survivors of childhood abuse. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press.

Sable, P. (2000).  Attachment and adult psychotherapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Sachser, C., Keller, F., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Complex PTSD as proposed for ICD-11: validation of a new disorder in children and adolescents and their response to Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Journal of child psychology and Psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 58(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12640

Safran, J., & Muran, J. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York: The Guilford Press.

Salter, A. (1995). Transforming trauma: A guide to understanding and treating adult survivors of child sexual abuse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Sandberg, D. A., & Refrea, V. (2022). Adult Attachment as a Mediator of the Link Between Interpersonal Trauma and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among College Men and Women. Journal of interpersonal violence, 8862605211072168. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211072168

Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E., Klein, C., Jäncke, L., & Bachmann, S. (2021). Resting-state functional connectivity in patients with a complex PTSD or complex dissociative disorder before and after inpatient trauma treatment. Brain and behavior, 11(7), e02200. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2200

Schore, A. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Schultebraucks, K., Sijbrandij, M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Mouthaan, J., Olff, M., & van Zuiden, M. (2021). Forecasting individual risk for long-term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in emergency medical settings using biomedical data: A machine learning multicenter cohort study. Neurobiology of stress, 100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100297

Schwartz, M., & Cohn. L. (Eds.) (1996). Sexual abuse and eating disorders. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Schwartz, R. (1995). Internal family systems therapy. New York: The Guilford Press.

Schwartz, R. (2002). Tools for transforming trauma. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Sgroi, S. (Ed.). (1982). Handbook of clinical intervention in child sexual abuse. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.

Shapiro, F. (1995; 2001).  Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (Rev. Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Shapiro, R. (Ed.). (2005). EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Shapiro, R. (Ed.). (2009). EMDR solutions II: For depression, eating disorders, performance, and more. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Shevlin M., Hyland P., Karatzias T., Fyvie C., Roberts N., Bisson J., & Cloitre M. (2017). Alternative models of disorders of traumatic stress based on the new ICD‐11 proposals. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135(5), 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12695

Shields, M., Hovdestad, W., Pelletier, C., Dykxhoorn, J., O'Donnell, S., & Tonmyr, L. (2016). Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for diabetes: Findings from a population-based survey of Canadian adults. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 879. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3491-1

Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Klein, C., Jäncke, L., & Bachmann, S. (2021). Resting‐state functional connectivity in patients with a complex PTSD or complex dissociative disorder before and after inpatient trauma treatment. Brain and Behavior, 11(7), e02200-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2200

Schuler, K., Ruggero, C. J., Mahaffey, B., Gonzalez, A., L. Callahan, J., Boals, A., ... & Kotov, R. (2021). When hindsight is not 20/20: ecological momentary assessment of PTSD symptoms versus retrospective report. Assessment, 28(1), 238?C247.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119869826  

Schultebraucks, K., Sijbrandij, M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Mouthaan, J., Olff, M., & van Zuiden, M. (2021). Forecasting individual risk for long-term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in emergency medical settings using biomedical data: A machine learning multicenter cohort study. Neurobiology of stress, 100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100297

Siegel, D. (1999). The developing mind: Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. New York: The Guilford Press.

Siegel, D. (2007). The mindful brain. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Simon, N., Roberts, N., Lewis, C., van Gelderen, M., & Bisson, J. (2019). Associations between perceived social support, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD): implications for treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1573129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1573129

Simonds, S. (1994).  Bridging the silence: Nonverbal modalities in the treatment of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Schnyder, U., & Cloitre, M. (Eds.) (2015).  Evidence based treatments for trauma-related psychological disorders: A practical guide for clinicians. New York: Springer Publishing.

Schwartz, L., Corrigan, F., Hull, A., & Raju, R. (2017). The comprehensive resource model: Effective therapeutic techniques for the healing of complex trauma. London: Routledge.

Smucker, M., & Dancu, C. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for adult survivors of childhood trauma: Imagery rescripting and reprocessing. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc.

Solomon, M. F., & Siegel, D. J. (Eds.). (2003). Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Söchting, I., Corrado, R., Cohen, I., Ley, R., & Brasfield, C. (2007). Traumatic pasts in Canadian Aboriginal people: Further support for a Complex Trauma conceptualization? British Columbia Medical Journal, 49(6), 320-326. https://www.bcmj.org/sites/default/files/public/2007_JulyAug_traumatic_pasts.pdf

Speranza, A. M., Farina, B., Bossa, C., Fortunato, A., Maggiora Vergano, C., Palmiero, L., Quintigliano, M., & Liotti, M. (2022). The Role of Complex Trauma and Attachment Patterns in Intimate Partner Violence. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 769584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769584

Spiegel, J. (2003). Sexual abuse of males: The SAM model of theory and practice. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., & Van der Kolk, B. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment outcome research: The study of unrepresentative samples? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 425-436. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20050

Spinazzola, J., Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2021). Developmental trauma disorder: A legacy of attachment trauma in victimized children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 711-720. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22697

Stadtmann. M., Maercker, A., Binder, J., & Schnepp, W. (2018). Why do I have to suffer? Symptom management, views and experiences of patients with a CPTSD: A grounded theory. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1971-9

Steele, K., Boon, S., & Van der Hart, O. (2017). Treating trauma-related dissociation: A practical, integrative approach. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Steele, K., Van der Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E. (2001). Dependency in the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorders. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 2(4), 79-116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v02n04_05

Steele, K., Van der Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E. (2005). Phase-oriented treatment of structural dissociation in complex traumatization: Overcoming trauma-related phobias. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(3), 11-53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v06n03_02

Stojek, M., Maples-Keller, J., Dixon, H., Umpierrez, G., Gillespie, C., & Michopoulos, V. (2019). Associations of childhood trauma with food addiction and insulin resistance in African-American women with diabetes mellitus. Appetite, 141, 104317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104317

Suglia, S., Koenen, K., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Chan, P., Clark, C., Danese, A., Faith, M., Goldstein, B., Hayman, L.,  Isasi, C., Pratt, C., Slopen, N., Sumner, J., Turer, A., Turer, C., & Zachariah, J. (2018) Childhood and Adolescent Adversity and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.  Circulation, 137(5), e15–e28. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000536   

Sullivan, K., Rochani, H., Huang, L., Donley, D., & Zhang, J. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences affect sleep duration for up to 50 years later. Sleep, 42(7), zsz087. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz087   

Tarocchi, A., Aschieri, F., Fantini, F. & Smith, J. (2013). Therapeutic assessment of complex trauma: A single-case time-series study. Clinical Case Studies, 12(3), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650113479442

Tay A. K., Rees S., Chen J., Kareth M., & Silove D. (2015). The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder amongst West Papuan refugees. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 111. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-015-0480-3

Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Thomaes, K., Dorrepaal, E., Draijer, N., de Ruiter, M., Elzinga, B., van Balkom, A., Smit, J., & Veltman, D. (2012). Treatment effects on insular and anterior cingulate cortex activation during classic and emotional Stroop interference in child abuse-related complex post-traumatic stress disorder.   Psychological Medicine, 42(11), 2337–2349. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000499

Tian, Y., Li, W., Wu, X., & Cheng, X. (2021). Complex PTSD in Chinese Adolescents Exposed to Childhood Trauma: A Latent Profile Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050111

Trottier, K., & MacDonald, D. (2017). Update on psychological trauma, other severe adverse experiences and eating disorders: State of the research and future research directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(8), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0806-6

Tsur, N., Katz, C., & Talmon, A. (2021). The shielding effect of not responding: Peritraumatic responses to child abuse and their links to posttraumatic symptomatology. Child abuse & neglect, 121, 105224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105224

Vallières F., Ceannt R., Daccache F., Abou Daher R., Sleiman J., Gilmore B., . . . Hyland P. (2018). ICD‐11 PTSD and Complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The factor structure and the clinical utility of the international trauma questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12973

van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., & Steele, K. (2005). Dissociation: An insufficiently recognized major feature of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20049

van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.  

van der Kolk, B. (1984). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Psychological and biological sequelae. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

van der Kolk, B. (1987). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, Inc.

van der Kolk, B. (2015). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York: Penguin Random House.

van der Kolk, B. (2019). The politics of mental health. Psychotherapy Networker. https://www.psychotherapynetworker.org/magazine/article/2368/the-politics-of-mental-health.

van der Kolk, B., McFarlane, A., & Weisaeth, L. (Eds.). (2006). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: The Guilford Press.

van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., & Pelcovitz, D. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20047

van Dijke, A., Ford, J., Frank, L., & van der Hart, O. (2015). Association of childhood complex trauma and dissociation with Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in adulthood. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(4), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1016253

Van Dijke, A., Hopman, J., & Ford, J. (2018). Affect dysregulation, psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder independent of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1400878. http://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1400878

Vang, M., Menachem, B., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Modeling patterns of polyvictimization and their associations with post traumatic stress disorder and complex post traumatic stress disorder in the Israeli population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 843- 854. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22455

Villalta, L., Khadr, S., Chua, K.C., Kramer, T., Clarke, V., Viner, R. M., Stringaris, A., & Smith, P. (2020). Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in female adolescents: The role of emotion dysregulation in impairment and trauma exposure after an acute sexual assault.  European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1710400

Waites, E. (1993). Trauma and survival: Post-traumatic and dissociative disorders in women.  New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Wallin, D. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press.

Walker, P. (2013). CPTSD: From surviving to thriving. USA: Azure Coyote.

Weiss, D. S. (2012). Introduction to the special feature on Complex PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 239-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21711

Williams, K., Moehler, E., Kaess, M., Resch, F., & Fuchs, A. (2022). Dissociation Links Maternal History Of Childhood Abuse To Impaired parenting. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 23(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2021.1934938

Williams, M. B., & Somers, J. (Eds.). (2002). Simple and complex post-traumatic stress disorders: Strategies for comprehensive treatment in clinical practice. New York: The Haworth Press.

Williams, T. (Ed.). (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorders: A handbook for clinicians. Cincinnati, OH: Disabled American Veterans.

Wilson, J., Friedman, M., & Lindy, J. (2002). Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: The Guilford Press.

Wilson, J., & Keane. T. (1997; 2004). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (2nd Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Wilson, J., & Lindy, J. (Eds.). (1994). Countertransference in the treatment of PTSD. New York: The Guilford Press.

Wilson, J., & Thomas, R. (2004). Empathy in the treatment of trauma and PTSD. New York: Brunner/Routledge.

Wolf, N., & Elklit, A. (2018). Child Maltreatment and disordered eating in adulthood: A mediating role of PTSD and Self-Esteem? Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 13(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0224-x

World Health Organization. (2018). ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. https://icd.who.int/en/

Yearwood, K., Vliegen, N., Chau, C., Corveleyn, J., & Luyten, P. (2021). Prevalence of exposure to complex trauma and community violence and their associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1-2), 843-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517731788

Young, B., & Blake, D. (Eds.) (1999). Group treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel Taylor & Francis Group.

Young, J., Kloski, J., & Weishaar, M. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.

Zayfert C., & Becker, C. (2007). Cognitive-behavior therapy for PTSD: A case formulation approach. New York: The Guilford Press.

Zerach, G., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2022). Moral injury, PTSD and complext PTSD among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of self-criticism. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001210 

Zlotnick, C., Zakriski, A., Shea, M., Costello, E., Begin, A., Pearlstein, T. & Simpson, E. (1996). The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9 (2), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110655

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
111 West Jackson Blvd., Suite 1412
Chicago, IL 60604 USA
Phone: +1-847-686-2234
Fax: +1-847-686-2251
info@istss.org

Donate

ISTSS General Fund

Follow Us

. . .

Complex Trauma Bibliography

Additions/corrections may be sent to istss.ctsigchairs@gmail.com

Abramson, P. R., & Bland-Abramson, S. (2021). Racial animus, police corruption, and a wrongful conviction of murder: Complex PTSD and the vestiges of anguish. The Wrongful Conviction Law Review, 2(2), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.29173/wclawr55

 Agorastos, A., Nicolaides, N., Bozikas, V., Chrousos, G., & Pervanidou, P. (2020). Multilevel interactions of stress and circadian system: Implications for traumatic stress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1003. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01003  

Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G., & Baker, D. (2019). Developmental trajectories of early life stress and trauma: A narrative review on neurobiological aspects beyond stress system dysregulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118

Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G., & Kolaitis, G. (2018). Early life stress and trauma: Developmental neuroendocrine aspects of prolonged stress system dysregulation, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17(4), 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0065-x

Alexander, P. (1993). The differential effects of abuse characteristics and attachment in the prediction of the long-term effects of sexual abuse, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8(3), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626093008003004

Amari, N., & Mahoney, A. (2021). Compassion and complex interpersonal trauma in adolescence: An early systematic review. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 10.1002/cpp.2689. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2689

Ashfield, E., Chan, C., & Lee, D. (2020). Building 'a compassionate armour': The journey to develop strength and self-compassion in a group treatment for complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychology and psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12275

Armour, C., Robinson, M., & Ross, J. (2021). Factor structure of the international trauma questionnaire in UK armed forces veterans residing in northern ireland. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1924954. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1924954

Askovic, M., Coello, M., Aroche, J., & Bryant, R. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptom profiles in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 822-832. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22453

Astill Wright, L., Roberts, N. P., Lewis, C., Simon, N., Hyland, P., Ho, G. W. K., McElroy, E., & Bisson, J. I. (2021). High prevalence of somatisation in ICD-11 complex PTSD: A cross sectional cohort study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 148, 110574-110574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110574

Bachem, R., Levin, Y., Zerach, G., Cloitre, M., & Solomon, Z. (2021). The interpersonal implications of PTSD and complex PTSD: The role of disturbances in self-organization. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.075

Badley, E., Shields, M., O'Donnell, S., Hovdestad, W., & Tonmyr, L. (2019). Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for arthritis: Findings From a population-based survey of Canadian adults. Arthritis Care & Research, 71(10), 1366–1371. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23776 

Baumeister, D., Akhtar, R., Ciufolini, S., Pariante, C., & Mondelli, V. (2016). Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: A meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(5), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.67

Barbieri, A., Visco-Comandini, F., Alunni Fegatelli, D., Schepisi, C., Russo, V., Calò, F., Dessì, A., Cannella, G., & Stellacci, A. (2019). Complex trauma, PTSD and complex PTSD in African refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1700621. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1700621

Barrett, M., & Stone Fish, L. (2014). Treating complex trauma: A relational blueprint for collaboration and change. New York: Routledge.

Ben‐Ezra M., Karatzias T., Hyland P., Brewin C., Cloitre M., Bisson J., Roberts, N., Lueger-Schuster, B., & Shevlin M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD‐11 proposals: A population study in Israel. Depression and Anxiety, 35(3), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22723

Ben-Ezra, M., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Maercker, A., Hamama-Raz, Y., Lavenda, O., Mahat-Shamir, M., & Shevlin, M. (2020). ICD-11 disorders specifically associated with stress in Africa: A cross-country psychiatric screening of ICD-11 disorders specifically associated with stress in Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana. European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

Bervoets, Eva, Meurs, Patrick, Luyten, Patrick, Tang, Eileen, & Vliegen, Nicole. (2022). Walking the tightrope: ego support and exploration with a child with complex trauma. Journal of Child Psychotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/0075417X.2021.2014935

Bertolino, B., & O’Hanlon, B. (2002). Even from a broken web: Brief, respectful solution-oriented therapy for sexual abuse and trauma. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 

Bisson, J., Berliner, L., Cloitre, M., Forbes, D., Jensen, T., Lewis, C., Monson, C., Olff, M., Pilling, S., Riggs, D., Roberts, N., & Shapiro, F. (2019). The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies new guidelines for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Methodology and development process. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22421

Blizard, R. (2003). Disorganized attachment: Development of dissociated self states and a relational approach to treatment. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 4(3), 27-50 https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v04n03_03

Bondjers, K., Hyland, P., Roberts, N. P., Bisson, J. I., Willebrand, M., & Arnberg, F. K. (2019). Validation of a clinician-administered diagnostic measure of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD: The International Trauma Interview in a Swedish sample. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10, 1665617. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1665617

Bongaerts, H., Voorendonk, E. M., van Minnen, A., & de Jongh, A. (2021). Safety and effectiveness of intensive treatment for complex PTSD delivered via home-based telehealth. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1860346-1860346. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1860346

Boon, S. (1997). The treatment of traumatic memories in DID: Indications and contraindications. Dissociation, 10, 65-79. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/1823

Borroni, S., Masci, E., Franzoni, C., Somma, A., & Fossati, A. (2021). The co-occurrence of trauma related disorder and borderline personality disorder: AQ study on a clinical sample of patients seeking psychotherapy treatment. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113587-113587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113587

Boscarina, J. (2006). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and physical illness: Results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032: 141–153. https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1196/annals.1314.011

Böttche M., Ehring,T., Krüger-Gottschalk, A., Rau, H., Schäfer, I., Schellong, J., Dyer, A., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2019). Testing the ICD-11 proposal for complex PTSD in trauma-exposed adults: Factor structure and symptom profiles. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1). https://doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1512264

Bovin, M. J., Kimerling, R., Weathers, F. W., Prins, A., Marx, B. P., Post, E. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2021). Diagnostic Accuracy and Acceptability of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Among US Veterans. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2036733- e2036733. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36733

Brewin, C. (2019). Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11. Psych Advances, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.48

Brewin, C., Lanius, R., Novac, A., Schnyder, U., Galea, S. (2009). Reformulating PTSD for DSM-V: Life after criterion A. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20443

Brewin, C., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Maercker, A., Bryant, R., Humayun, A., … & Reed, G. (2017). Evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and Complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 1-15.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001

Briere, J. (1989; 1996).  Therapy for adults molested as children: Beyond survival. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Briere, J. (2002). A self-trauma model for treating adult survivors of severe child abuse. In Briere, J., Berliner, L., Bulkley, J. A., Jenny, C. & Reid, T. (Eds.). The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd Ed.) (pp. 51-71). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Briere, J. (2004). Psychological assessment of adult posttraumatic states:  Phenomenology, diagnosis, and measurement (2nd Ed.).  Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. (2011). Treating complex trauma in adolescents and young adults. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. (2012). Integrative treatment of complex trauma for adolescents (ITCT-A): A guide for the treatment of multiply-traumatized youth, 2nd edition.  Los Angeles, CA: USC Adolescent Trauma Training Center, National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Briere, J. & Scott, C. (2007). Assessment of trauma symptoms in eating-disordered populations. The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 15(4), 347-358.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260701454360

Briere, J., & Scott, C. (2014). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms, evaluation, and treatment (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications. 

Briere, J. & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Phenomenological and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 401-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20048

Briggs, E. C., Amaya-Jackson, L., Putnam, K. T., & Putnam, F. W. (2021). All adverse childhood experiences are not equal: The contribution of synergy to adverse childhood experience scores. American Psychologist, 76(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000768

Brindle, R., Cribbet, M., Samuelsson, L., Gao, C., Frank, E., Krafty, R., Thayer, J., . . . & Hall, M. (2018). The relationship between childhood trauma and poor sleep health in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(2), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000542

Brisch, K. H. (2002). Treating attachment disorders: From theory to therapy. New York: The Guilford Press.

Bromberg, P. M. (2001). Standing in the spaces: Essays on clinical process, trauma, and dissociation. Mahwah, NJ: The Analytic Press.

Brown, D., Scheflin, A., & Hammond, C. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Brown, R., Heines, S., Witt, A., Braehler, E., Fegert, J., Harsch, D., & Plener, P. (2018). The impact of child maltreatment on non-suicidal self-injury: Ddata from a representative sample of the general population. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1754-3

Bryant, R. (2012). Simplifying Complex PTSD: Comment on Resick et al. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 252-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21696 

Bryant, R., Felmingham, K., Malhi, G., Andrew, E., & Korgaonkar, M. (2021). The distinctive neural     circuitry of complex posttraumatic stress disorder during threat processing. Psychological Medicine, 51(7), 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719003921

Campodonico, C., Berry, K., Haddock, G., & Varese, F. (2021). Protective Factors Associated With Post-traumatic Outcomes in Individuals With Experiences of Psychosis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 735870. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735870
Carlson, E. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment. Child Development, 69, 1970-1979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x

Cassidy, J. & P. Shaver (Eds.) (2002). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: The Guilford Press.

Cattaneo, A., Macchi, F., Plazzotta, G., Veronica, B., Bocchio-Chiavetto, L., Riva, M., & Pariante, C. (2015). Inflammation and neuronal plasticity: A link between childhood trauma and depression pathogenesis. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 9, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00040

Charak, R., Cano-Gonzalez, I., Shevlin, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2021). Dimensional latent structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, and adjustment disorder: Evidence from ghana, kenya, and nigeria. Traumatology. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000311

Cheng, P., Xu, L.-Z., Zheng, W.-H., Ng, R. M. K., Zhang, L., Li, L.-J., & Li, W.-H. (2020). Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 368?C374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.038

Chew, J. (1997). Women survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Healing through group work: Beyond survival. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc.

Chiu, C.-D., Ho, H. L., & Tollenaar, M. S. (2022). Relational self-evaluations in dissociation: Implicit self-rejection? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(1), 99-106. https://doi.org./10.1037/tra0001017

Choi, H., Kim, N., & Lee, A. (2021). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD among organized violence survivors in modern south korean history of political oppression. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 34(2), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1839889

Choi, H., Lee, W., & Hyland, P. (2021). Factor structure and symptom classes of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder in a south korean general population sample with adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse & Neglect, 114, 104982-104982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104982

Chouliara, Z., Karatzias, T., Gullone, A., Ferguson, S., Cosgrove, K., & Burke Draucker, C.  (2017). Therapeutic change in group therapy for interpersonal trauma: A relational framework for research and clinical practice. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696860

Chu J. (2011). Rebuilding shattered lives: Treating Complex PTSD and dissociative disorders (2nd ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Classen, C., Muller, R., Field, N., Clark, C., & Stern, E. (2017). A naturalistic study of a brief treatment program for survivors of complex trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 18(5), 720–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1289492

Cloitre, M. (2021). Complex PTSD: Assessment and treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(sup1)https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1866423

Cloitre, M. (2020). ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: Simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216(3), 129-131. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.43

Cloitre, M. (2015). The ‘‘one size fits all’’ approach to trauma treatment: Should we be satisfied? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27344

Cloitre M. (2016). Commentary on De Jongh et al. (2016) Critique of ISTSS Complex PTSD Guidelines: Finding the way forward. Depression and Anxiety, 33(5), 355–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22493

Cloitre, M., & Beck, J. G. (2017). Introduction for the special issue: The long‐term effects of childhood adversity and trauma. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24(2), 107– 110. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12199

Cloitre, M., Brewin, C. R., Kazlauskas, E., Lueger‐Schuster, B., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2021). Commentary: The need for research on PTSD in children and adolescents—A commentary on Elliot et al. (2020). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(3), 277–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13361

Cloitre, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Lueger-Schuster, B., Maercker, A., Roberts, N. P., & Shevlin, M. (2020). Evidence for the coherence and integrity of the complex PTSD (CPTSD) diagnosis: Response to achterhof et al., (2019) and ford (2020). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1739873-1739873.               https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1739873

Cloitre, M., Cohen, L. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2006). Treating survivors of childhood abuse: Psychotherapy for the interrupted life. New York: Guilford Press.

Cloitre, M., Cohen, L., Ortigo, K., Jackson, C., & Koenen, C. (2020). Treating survivors of childhood abuse and interpersonal trauma: STAIR narrative therapy (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Cloitre, M., Courtois, C., Charuvastra, A., Carapezza, R., Stolbach, B., & Green B. (2011). ISTSS expert consensus treatment guidelines for Complex PTSD in adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress 24(6), 615-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20697

Cloitre, M., Garvert, D., Brewin, C., Bryant, R., & Maercker, A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis. European Journal of Pscyhotraumatology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706

Cloitre, M., Garvert, D., Weiss, B., Carlson, E., & Bryant, R. (2014). Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25097. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097

Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J., Brewin, C., Roberts, N., Karatzias, T. & Shevlin, M. (2019). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: A population- based study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 833-842. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22454 

Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Prins, A., & Shevlin, M. (2021). The international trauma questionnaire (ITQ) measures reliable and clinically significant treatment-related change in PTSD and complex PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1930961-1930961. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1930961

Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Maercker, A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: Development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12956

Cloitre, M., Stolbach B., Herman, J., van der Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova E. (2009). A developmental approach to Complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20444

Coelho, R., Viola, T., Walss-Bass, C., Brietzke, E., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 129(3), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12217

Corman, M., Rubio, M. T., Cabrespine, A., Brindel, I., Bay, J. O., De La Tour, R. P., & Dambrun, M. (2021).  Retrospective and prospective measures of post-traumatic growth reflect different processes: longitudinal evidence of greater decline than growth following a hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1?C11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03007-y  

Courtois, C. (1999). Recollections of sexual abuse: Treatment principles and guidelines. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Courtois, C. (2000). The aftermath of child sexual abuse: The treatment of complex posttraumatic stress reactions (549-572). In L. Szuchman & F. Muscarella (Eds.). Psychological perspectives on human sexuality. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Courtois, C. (2002). Implications of the memory controversy for clinical practice: An overview of treatment recommendations and guidelines. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 9(3-4), 183-210. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v09n03_09

Courtois, C. (2004). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(4), 412-425. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.412

Courtois, C. (2010; 1995; 1988). Healing the incest wound: Adult survivors in therapy. (2nd ed.). New York: W.W.W. Norton & Co. 

Courtois, C. (2012). Treatment of complex trauma: A sequenced, relationship-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.

Courtois, C. (2013a). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders in children & adolescents.  New York: Guilford Press.

Courtois, C. (2013b; 2009). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: Scientific foundations and therapeutic models. New York: Guilford Press.

Courtois, C. (2013c; 1999). Recollections of Sexual Abuse. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Courtois, C. (2014). Spiritually-oriented treatment for trauma.  Washington: American Psychological Association Press.

Courtois, C. (2015). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Scientific and professional dimensions (2nd ed).     Cambridge: Elsevier/Academic Press.

Courtois, C., & Ford, J. (Eds.). (2009) Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. New York: The Guilford Press.

Courtois, C, & Ford, J. (Eds). 2020. Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: scientific foundations and therapeutic models (2nd ed). New York: The Guilford Press.

Corrigan, F., & Alastair M. Hull. (2015). Recognition of the neurobiological insults imposed by complex trauma and the implications for psychotherapeutic interventions. BJPsych Bulletin (2015), 39, 79-86, https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.114.047134

Creamer, M., Burgess, P., McFarlane, A. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings for the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being, Psychological Medicine, 31 (7), 1237-1247.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004287

Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., Karatzias, T., & Murphy, D. (2021). Moral injury and ICD-11 complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms among treatment-seeking veterans in the united kingdom. Psychological Trauma, 13(4), 417-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000921

Cyr, G., Godbout, N., Cloitre, M., & Bélanger, C. (2022). Distinguishing Among Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder in a Community Sample of Women. Journal of traumatic stress, 35(1), 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22719

D'Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012). Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x

Daniunaite, I., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Thoresen, S., Zelviene, P., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: Discriminating factors in a population-based cross-sectional study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1890937-1890937. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1890937

Dagan, Y. (2020). Cannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A narrative review with considerations of benefits and harms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. https://doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001172

Dalenberg, C. (2000). Countertransference and the treatment of trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

Danese, A., & Baldwin, J. (2017). Hidden wounds? Inflammatory links between childhood trauma and psychopathology. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 517–544. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044208

Danese, A., & Lewis, S. (2017). Psychoneuroimmunology of early-life Stress: The hidden wounds of childhood trauma? Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2016.198

Danese, A., Moffitt, T., Harrington, H., Milne, B., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2009). Adverse Childhood Experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(12), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.214

Danese, A., Moffitt, T., Pariante, C., Ambler, A., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2008). Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(4), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.409

Danese, A., & Tan, M. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(5), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.54

Danese, A. & van Harmelen, A. (2017). The hidden wounds of childhood trauma. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375840

Daniunaite, I., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Thoresen, S., Zelviene, P., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: Discriminating factors in a population-based cross-sectional study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 12(1), 1890937-1890937. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1890937

Danylchuk, L., & Connors, K. (2017). Treating complex trauma and dissociation. New York: Routledge.

Davies, J., & Frawley, M. (1994). Treating the adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse: A psychoanalytic perspective. New York: Basic Books.

de Boer, K., Gnatt, I., Mackelprang, J. L., Williamson, D., Eckel, D., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2021). Phase-based approaches for treating complex trauma: A critical evaluation and case for implementation in the australian context. Australian Psychologist, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2021.1968274

DePierro, J., D'Andrea, W., Spinazzola, J., Stafford, E., van Der Kolk, B., Saxe, G., Stolbach, B., McKernan, S., & Ford, J. D. (2022). Beyond PTSD: Client presentations of developmental trauma disorder from a national survey of clinicians.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(7), 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000532

De Jongh, A., Resick, P., Zoellner, L., van Minnen, A., Lee, C., Monson, C., Foa, E., . . . Bicanic, I. (2016). Critical analysis of the current treatment guidelines for Complex PTSD in adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(5), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22469

de Silva, U., Glover, N., & Katona, C. (2021). Prevalence of complex post-traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers: Systematic review. BJPsych Open, 7(6), e194-e194. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.101

Dell, P. F., & John O’Neil. (2009). Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: DSM-5 and Beyond. 1st ed. New York, NY: Routledge.

Dhingra, K., Mitchell, S. M., Davies, B., & Taylor, P. J. (2021). Examining the factor structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex-PTSD among prison staff exposed to potentially traumatic experiences. Psychiatry Research, 303, 114085- 114085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114085

Dokkedahl, S., Kristensen, T. R., & Elklit, A. (2022). Can Women Shelters Help Reduce Symptoms of PTSD and C-PTSD? Trajectories of PTSD Symptom Development Following Partner- and Family-Related Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211066568

Dokkedahl, S., Kristensen, T. R., Murphy, S., & Elklit, A. (2021). The complex trauma of psychological  violence: Cross-sectional findings from a cohort of four danish women shelters. European  Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1863580.        https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1863580

Dolan, Y. (1990).  Resolving sexual abuse: Solution-focused therapy and Ericksonian hypnosis for adult survivors. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Dorahy, M., Corry, M., Black, R., Matheson, L., Coles, H., Curran, D., Seager, L., Middleton, W., & Dyer, K.  (2017). Shame, dissociation, and Complex PTSD symptoms in traumatized psychiatric and control groups: Direct and indirect associations with relationship distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(4), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22339

Dorahy, M., Corry, M., Shannon, M., Macsherry, A., Hamilton, G., McRobert, G., Elder, R., & Hanna, D. (2009). Complex PTSD, interpersonal trauma and relational consequences: Findings from a treatment-receiving Northern Irish sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 112(1-3), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.003 

Dorahy, M. J., Gold, S. N., & O’Neil, J. A. (2023). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: Past, present, future (2nd ed). New York: Routledge.

Dube, S., Fairweather, D., Pearson, W., Felitti, V., Anda, R., & Croft, J. (2009). Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(2), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907888

Dumarkaite, A., Truskauskaite-Kuneviciene, I., Andersson, G., Mingaudaite, J., & Kazlauskas, E. (2021).  Effects of mindfulness-based internet intervention on ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 12(11), 2754-2766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01739-w

Dvir, Y., Ford, J., Hill, M., & Frazier, J. (2014). Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 149–161. http://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014

Dyer, K. F. W., & Corrigan, J. (2021). Psychological treatments for complex PTSD: A commentary on the clinical and empirical impasse dividing unimodal and phase-oriented therapy positions. Psychological Trauma, https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001080

Dyer, K., Dorahy, M., Hamilton, G., Corry, M., Shannon, M., MacSherry, A., McRobert, G., . . . & McElhill, B. (2009). Anger, aggression, and self-harm in PTSD and Complex PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(10), 1099–1114. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20619

Eidhof, M., Djelantik, A., Klaassens, E., Kantor, V., Rittmansberger, D., Sleijpen, M., Steenbakkers, A., Weindl, D., & Ter Heide, F. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in patients exposed to emotional neglect and traumatic events: Latent class analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22363

Elklit, A., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2014). Evidence of symptom profiles consistent with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in different trauma samples. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 51(10). https://doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24221

Elliott, R., McKinnon, A., Dixon, C., Boyle, A., Murphy, F., Dahm, T., Travers‐Hill, E., Mul, C., Archibald, S., Smith, P., Dalgleish, T., Meiser‐Stedman, R., & Hitchcock, C. (2021). Prevalence and predictive       value of ICD‐11 post‐traumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD diagnoses in children and    adolescents exposed to a single‐event trauma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(3),    270-276. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13240

Ebert, A., & Dyck, M. (2004). The experience of mental death: The core feature of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(6), 617–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.002

Facer-Irwin, E., Karatzias, T., Bird, A., Blackwood, N., & MacManus, D. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in male prisoners in the UK: Prevalence, trauma antecedents, and psychiatric comorbidities. Psychological Medicine, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172004936

Felding, S. U., Mikkelsen, L. B., & Bach, B. (2021). Complex PTSD and personality disorder in ICD-11: when to assign one or two diagnoses?. Australasian psychiatry : bulletin of Royal Australian and  New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 29(6), 590–594.     https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562211014212

Figley, C. (Ed.). (1985). Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.  New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Figley, C. (Ed.). (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Foa, E., Keane, T., Friedman, M., & Cohen, J. (Eds.). (2008). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2nd Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Folke, S., Nielsen A., Andersen, B., Karatzias, T., & Karstoft, K. (2019). ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in treatment-seeking Danish veterans: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1). https://doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1686806 

Folke, S., Nielsen, A. B. S., & Karstoft, K. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in treatment-seeking danish soldiers: A replication of folke et al. (2019) using the international trauma questionnaire. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1930703-1930703. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1930703

Follette, V., & Ruzek, J. (Eds.). (2006). Cognitive-behavioral treatments for trauma (2nd Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. 

Follette, V., Ruzek, J., & Abueg, F. (Eds.). (1998). Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma. New York: The Guilford Press.

Fonagy, P. (2001). Attachment theory and psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press.

Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Fonagy, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York: Other Press.   

Ford, J. (2015). Complex PTSD: Research directions for nosology/assessment, treatment, and public health. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 27584. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27584

Ford J. (2019). Commentary on the special section on Complex PTSD: Still going strong after all these years. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 877–880. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22474

Ford, J. D. (2020). New findings questioning the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD): Let's take a closer look. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1708145-1708145. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1708145

Ford, J. D. (2021). Polyvictimization and developmental trauma in childhood. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(sup1)https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1866394

Ford, J., & Courtois, C. (2014). Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2051-6673-1-9

Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2021). Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 8(1), 16-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00155-9

Ford, J., & Courtois, C. (Eds.) (2020). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents: Scientific foundations and therapeutic models (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Ford, J., Courtois, C., Steele, K., Van der Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E. (2005). Treatment of complex posttraumatic self-dysregulation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20051

Ford J. & Gómez, J. (2015) The relationship of psychological trauma and dissociative and posttraumatic stress disorders to nonsuicidal self-Injury and suicidality: A review. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(3), 232-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.989563

Ford, J. & Kidd, P. (1998). Childhood trauma and disorders of extreme stress as predictors of treatment outcome with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 731-761.  https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024497400891

Ford, J., & Smith, A. (2009). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults receiving public sector outpatient substance abuse disorder treatment. Addiction Research & Theory, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350701615078

Ford, J. D., Shevlin, M., Karatzias, T., Charak, R., & Spinazzola, J. (2022). Can Developmental Trauma disorder be distinguished from posttraumatic stress disorder? A confirmatory factor Analytic Test of Four Structural Models. Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 10.1007/s10802-022-00916-2. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00916-2

Ford, J. D., Spinazzola, J., van der Kolk, B., & Chan, G. (2022). Toward an empirically based Developmental Trauma Disorder diagnosis and semi-structured interview for children: The DTD field trial replication. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 145(6), 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13424

Fosha, D. (2000). The transforming power of affect: A model for accelerated change. New York: Basic.

Fosha, D., Siegel, D., & Solomon, M. (2009). The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development & clinical practice. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Fox, R., Hyland, P., Coogan, A. N., Cloitre, M., & McHugh Power, J. (2021). Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23225

Fox, R., Hyland, P., Coogan, A. N., Cloitre, M., & McHugh Power, J. (2022). Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults. Journal of clinical psychology, 78(2), 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23225

Freyd, J. (1996). Betrayal-trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Freyd, J. (2013). Blind to betrayal: why we fool ourselves we aren’t being fooled. New Jersey: Wiley

Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2014). Trauma-related altered states of consciousness: exploring the 4-D model. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 15(4), 436–456

Frost, R., Hyland, P., McCarthy, A., Halpin, R., Shevlin, M., & Murphy, J. (2019). The complexity of trauma exposure and response: Profiling PTSD and CPTSD among a refugee sample. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 11(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000408

Frost, R., Vang, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M.  (2019). The distribution of psychosis, ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms among a trauma-exposed UK general population sample. Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches, 11(3).  https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2019.1626472

Fuss, J., (2019). Public stakeholders’ comments on ICD-11 chapters related to mental and sexual health. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 233-35.  https://doi:10.1002/wps.20635

Fyvie, C., Easton, P., Moreton, G., McKeever, J., & Karatzias, T. (2019). The Rivers Centre in Scotland: An attachment-based service model for people with Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 864- 869. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22458

García, C., Navarro, L., Lietor, M., Iñiguez, I., & Giancola, A. (2021). The overlap between complex posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. European Psychiatry, 64(S1), S754-S754. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1997

Gartner, R. B. (1999a). Betrayed as boys: Psychodynamic treatment of sexually abused men. New York: The Guilford Press.

Gelezelyte, O., Roberts, N. P., Kvedaraite, M., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Kairyte, A., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Kazlauskas, E. (2022). Validation of the International Trauma Interview (ITI) for the Clinical Assessment of ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) in a Lithuanian Sample. European journal of psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2037905. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2037905

Gelinas, D. J. (2003). Integrating EMDR into phase-oriented treatment for trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(3), 91-135. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v04n03_06

Gil, E. (1988).  Treatment of adult survivors of childhood abuse. Walnut Creek: Launch Press.

Gilbar, O., Dekel, R., Hyland, P., & Cloitre, M. (2020). Examining ICD-11 CPTSD factors as predictors of severity of intimate partner violence among mandated men. Child Abuse & Neglect, 262, 429-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.060

Giourou E., Skokou, M., Andrew, S., Alexopoulou, K., Gourzis, P., & Jelastopulu, E. (2018). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: The need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to re-evaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma? World Journal of Psychiatry, 8(1), 12-19. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v8.i1.12 

Gold, S. L. (2000). Not trauma alone: Therapy for child abuse survivors in family and social context. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.

Gómez, J., Lewis, J., Noll, L., Smidt, A., & Birrell, P. (2015) Shifting the focus: Nonpathologizing approaches to healing from betrayal trauma through an emphasis on relational care. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(2), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1103104

Goodman, M. (2012). Complex PTSD is on the trauma spectrum: Comment on Resick et al. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 254-255.

Gouin, J., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W., Beversdorf, D., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (2012). Childhood abuse and inflammatory responses to daily stressors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(2), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9386-1

Grossman, E., Hoffman, Y., Shrira, A., Kedar, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Dinnayi, M., & Zivotofsky, A. (2019). Preliminary evidence linking complex-PTSD to insomnia in a sample of Yazidi genocide survivors. Psychiatry Research, 271, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.044

Grossman, F., Spinazzola, J., Zucker, M., & Hopper, E. (2017). Treating adult survivors of childhood emotional abuse and neglect: A new framework. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(1), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000225

Guo, T., Huang, L., Hall, D. L., Jiao, C., Chen, S., Yu, Q., Yeung, A., Chi, X., & Zou, L. (2021). The relationship between childhood adversities and complex posttraumatic stress symptoms: A multiple mediation model. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1936921-1936921. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1936921

Guzman Torres, E., Krause-Utz, A., & Sack, M. (2023). Predictors of complex PTSD: the role of trauma characteristics, dissociation, and comorbid psychopathology. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-022-00208-7

Haahr-Pedersen, I., Perera, C., Hyland, P., Vallieres, F., Murphy, D., Hansen, M., Spitz, . . . & Cloitre, M. (2020). Females have more complex patterns of childhood adversity: Implications for mental, social, and emotional outcomes in adulthood. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11:1, 1708618. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1708618

Harris, M.  (1998). Trauma recovery and empowerment: A clinician’s guide for working with women in groups. New York: The Free Press.

Hart, H., and Katya Rubia. (2012). Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2012 March 19;6:52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052

Haselgruber, A., Knefel, M., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2021). Foster children's complex psychopathology in the context of cumulative childhood trauma: The interplay of ICD-11 complex PTSD, dissociation, depression, and emotion regulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.116

Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2020). Validation of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in foster children using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(1), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13100

Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2020). Symptom structure of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in trauma-exposed foster children: Examining the international trauma questionnaire - child and adolescent version (ITQ-CA). European Journal of  Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1818974-         1818974. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1818974

Haskell, L. & Randall, M. (2009). Disrupted attachments: A social context complex trauma framework and the lives of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Journal of Aboriginal Health, 5(3), 48-99. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1569034

Haven, T., & Pearlman, L. (2004). Minding the body: The intersection of dissociation and physical health in relational trauma psychotherapy.  In K.A. Kendall-Tackett (Ed.), Health consequences of abuse in the family: A clinical guide for evidence-based practice, 215-232. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Healy, C. J., Lee, K. A., & D’Andrea, W. (2021). Using Psychedelics With Therapeutic Intent Is Associated With Lower Shame and Complex Trauma Symptoms in Adults With Histories of Child Maltreatment. Chronic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470211029881

Hébert, M., & Amédée, L. M. (2020). Latent class analysis of post-traumatic stress symptoms and complex PTSD in child victims of sexual abuse and their response to trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1807171-1807171. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1807171

Hébert, M., Paradis, A., & Fortin, A. (2021). Symptom patterns of sexually abused teenage girls seeking services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 91(4), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000548

Hecker, T., Huber, S., Maier, T., & Maercker, A. (2018). Differential associations among PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms and traumatic experiences and postmigration difficulties in a culturally diverse refugee sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 795–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22342

Heide, F., Mooren, T., & Kleber, R. (2016). Complex PTSD and phased treatment in refugees: A debate piece. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 28687. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.28687

Heim, E., Karatzias, T., & Andreas Maercker. (2022). Cultural concepts of distress and complex PTSD: future directions for research and treatment. Clinical psychology review, Vol 93., April 2022, 102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102143

Heim, C., Nater, U., Maloney, E., Boneva, R., Jones, J., & Reeves, W. (2009). Childhood trauma and risk for chronic fatigue syndrome: Association with neuroendocrine dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.508

Helpingstine, C., Kenny, M. C., & Malik, F. (2021). Vicarious traumatization and burnout among service providers for victims of commercial sexual exploitation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 30(6), 722-745. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2021.1938771

Henning, J. A., Brand, B., & Courtois, C. A. (2022). Graduate training and certification in trauma treatment for clinical practitioners. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 16(4), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000326

Herman, J. (1981; 2000). Father-daughter incest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Herman, J. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490050305 

Herman, J. (1992, 1997). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence - from domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.

Herman, J. (2012). CPTSD is a distinct entity: Comment on Resick et al. (2012). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 256-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21697

Herman, J., & Kallivayalil, D. (2019). Group trauma treatment in early recovery: Promoting safety and self-care. New York, The Guilford Press.

Herod, L., & Kop, R. (2017). It’s not just about support: Self-directed learning in an online self-help group [for Complex PTSD]. International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 14(2), 13-26.

Hiller, R. M., Meiser‐Stedman, R., Elliott, E., Banting, R., & Halligan, S. L. (2021). A longitudinal study of cognitive predictors of (complex) post‐traumatic stress in young people in out‐of‐home care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(1), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13232

Ho, G., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Inoue, S., Yang, P., Chen, F., Chan, A., & Karatzias, T. (2020). The validity of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in East Asian cultures: Findings with young adults from China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11, 1717826. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1717826

Ho, G., Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Chan, A., Bressington, D., Chien, W., Hyland, P., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex P TSD (CPTSD). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1608718

Ho, G. W. K., Karatzias, T., Vallières, F., Bondjers, K., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Astill Wright, L., & Hyland, P. (2021). Complex PTSD symptoms mediate the association between childhood trauma and physical health problems. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 142, 110358-110358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110358

Hoeboer, C. M., de Kleine, R. A., Oprel, D. A. C., Schoorl, M., van der Does, W., & van Minnen, A. (2021). Does complex PTSD predict or moderate treatment outcomes of three variants of exposure therapy? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 80, 102388-102388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102388

Holman, D., Ports, K., Buchanan, N., Hawkins, N., Merrick, M., Metzler, M., & Trivers, K. (2016). The association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and risk of cancer in adulthood: A systematic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 138(Suppl 1), S81–S91. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4268L

Hopper, E., Grossman, F., Spinazola, J., & Zucker, M. (2019). Treating adult survivors of childhood emotional abuse and neglect: Component-based psychotherapy. New York, The Guilford Press.

Horowitz, M. (1976; 1986; 1997). Stress response syndromes. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Horowitz, M. (2003). Treatment of stress response syndromes. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, Inc.

Hovdestad, W., Shields, M., Shaw, A., & Tonmyr, L. (2020). Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for cancer: Findings from a population-based survey of Canadian adults. BMC Cancer, 20(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6481-8

Howell, E. F. (2016). The dissociative mind in psychoanalysis: understanding and working with trauma. London, UK: Routledge.

Howell, E. (2019). From hysteria to chronic relational trauma disorder. In A. Moskowitz, M.J. Dorahy, I., Shafer (Eds), Psychosis, trauma, and dissociation: evolving perspectives on severe psychopathology 2nded. (pp. 83-98). NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Howe, M. L., Goodman, G. S., & Cicchetti, D. (Eds.). (2008). Stress, trauma, and children's memory development: Neurobiological, cognitive, clinical, and legal perspectives. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308457.001.0001

Hudgins, K. (2002). Experiential treatment for PTSD: The therapeutic spiral model. New York: Springer.

Hug, F., Degen, T., Meurs, P., & Fischmann, T. (2022). Psychoanalytical Considerations of Emotion Regulation Disorders in Multiple Complex-Traumatized Children-A Study Protocol of the Prospective Study MuKi. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 16, 809616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.809616

Hunter, N. (2018). Trauma and madness in mental health services. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 

Hyland, P. (2019). The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, Complex PTSD and dissociative experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675113

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Cloitre, M. (2019). Examining the discriminant validity of complex   post traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder symptoms: Results from a United Kingdom population sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 855-863. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22444

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Cloitre, M., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2020). A longitudinal study of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in the general population of Israel. Psychiatry Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112871

Hyland, P., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., McElroy, E., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2021). Does     requiring trauma exposure affect rates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? implications for DSM-         5. Psychological Trauma, 13(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000908

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Elklit A., Murphy, J., Vallières, F., Garvert D., & Cloitre, M. (2017). An assessment of the construct validity of the ICD-11 proposal for Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, And Policy, 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000114 

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Cloitre, M., & Karatzias, T. (2020). The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, Complex PTSD and dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675113

Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., & Karatzias, T. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: Clinical and behavioral correlates. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22272

Hyland, P., Vallières, F., Cloitre, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Olff, M., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2021). Trauma, PTSD, and complex PTSD in the Republic of Ireland: prevalence, service use, comorbidity, and risk factors. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 56(4), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01912-x

Ide, N., & Paez, A. (2000). Complex PTSD: A review of current issues. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 2(1), 43–49.

International Society for the Study of Dissociation (2005). Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(4), 69-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.537247 

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Guidelines Committee (n.d.). Position Paper on Complex PTSD in Adults. https://istss.org/getattachment/Treating-Trauma/New-ISTSS-Prevention-and-Treatment-Guidelines/ISTSS_CPTSD-Position-Paper-(Adults)_FNL.pdf.aspx

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Guidelines Committee (n.d.). Position Paper on Complex PTSD in Children and Adolescents. https://istss.org/getattachment/Treating-Trauma/New-ISTSS-Prevention-and-Treatment-Guidelines/ISTSS_CPTSD-Position-Paper-(Child_Adol)_FNL.pdf.aspx

Iqbal, A., Kumar, S., Hansen, J., Heyrman, M., Spee, R., & Lteif, A. (2020). Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with glycemic control and lipids in children with Type 1 Diabetes. Children, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7010008

Jakubowski, K. P., Cundiff, J. M., & Matthews, K. A. (2018). Cumulative childhood adversity and adult cardiometabolic disease: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 37(8), 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000637

Jehu, D. (1988). Beyond sexual abuse: Therapy with women who were childhood victims. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Johnson, S. L. (2009). Therapist’s guide to posttraumatic stress disorder intervention. New York: Elsevier, Academic Press.

Johnson, S. M. (2002). Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors: Strengthening attachment bonds. New York: The Guilford Press.

Jowett, S., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Hyland, P. (2021). Psychological trauma at different developmental stages and ICD-11 CPTSD: The role of dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2021.1934936

Jowett, S., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Albert, I. (2020). Differentiating symptom profiles of ICD-11 PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder: A latent class analysis in a multiply traumatized sample. Personality Disorders, 11(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000346 

Kajeepeta, S., Gelaye, B., Jackson, C., & Williams, M. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences are associated with adult sleep disorders: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine, 16(3), 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.013

Kangaslampi, S., Garoff, F., Golden, S., & Peltonen, K. (2021). A network analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms among help-seeking refugees in Kenya. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102358

Karatzias, T., & Cloitre, M. (2019). Treating adults with Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder using a modular approach to treatment: Rationale, evidence, and directions for future research. Journal of Traumatic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22457  

Karatzias, T., Cloitre, M., Maercker, M., Kazlauskas, E., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J., Roberts, N. & Brewin, C. (2017). PTSD and Complex PTSD: ICD-11 updates on concept and measurement in the UK, USA, Germany and Lithuania. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(7), 1418103. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1418103    

Karatzias, T., Howard, R., Power, K., Socherel, F., Heath, C., & Livingstone, A. (2017). Organic vs. functional neurological disorders: The role of childhood psychological trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.011

Karatzias, T. Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Cloitre, M., Roberts, N. Bisson, J., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma‐exposed population-based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression and Anxiety. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22934 

Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Ben-Ezra, M., & Shevlin, M. (2018). Hyperactivation and hypoactivation affective dysregulation symptoms are integral in complex posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a nonclinical Israeli sample. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27(4), e1745. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1745

Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Fyvie, C., Logan, K., Easton, P., Thomas, J., Philips, S., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Cloitre, M., & Shevlin, M. (2018). Is self-compassion a worthwhile therapeutic target for ICD-11 Complex PTSD (CPTSD)? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 47(3), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000577  

Karatzias, T., & Levendosky, A. (2019). Introduction to the special section on complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD): The evolution of a disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 817–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22476

Karatzias, T., Murphy, P., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Maercker, A., Ben-Ezra, M., Coventry, P., Mason-Roberts, S., Bradley, A., & Hutton, P. (2019). Psychological interventions for ICD-11 Complex PTSD: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719000436   

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Ford, J. D., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Hyland, P., & Cloitre, M. (2021). Childhood trauma, attachment orientation, and complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms in a clinical sample: Implications for treatment. Development and Psychopathology, , 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457942000150

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Garozi, M., Latham, E., Sinclair, M., Ho, G. W. K., McAnee, G., Ford, J. D., & Hyland, P. (2020). Adverse and benevolent childhood experiences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD): Implications for trauma-focused therapies. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1793599-         1793599. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1793599

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., Roberts, N., Bisson, J., Brewin., C. & Cloitre, M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ), Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.032

Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., Ford, J. D., Fyvie, C., Grandison, G., Hyland, P., & Cloitre, M. (2021). Childhood trauma, attachment orientation, and complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms in a clinical sample: Implications for treatment. Development and psychopathology, 1–6. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001509c

Kazlauskas, E., Zelviene, P., Daniunaite, I., Hyland, P., Kvedaraite, M., Shevlin, M., & Cloitre, M. (2020). The structure of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in adolescents exposed to potentially traumatic experiences. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 169-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1717826

Kelly-Irving, M., Mabile, L., Grosclaude, P., Lang, T., & Delpierre, C. (2013). The embodiment of adverse childhood experiences and cancer development: Potential biological mechanisms and pathways across the life course. International Journal of Public Health, 58(1), 3–11.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0370-0  

Kempke, S., Luyten, P., De Coninck, S., Van Houdenhove, B., Mayes, L., & Claes, S. (2015). Effects of early childhood trauma on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.027

Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2003). Treating the lifetime health effects of childhood victimization. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.

Kendall-Tackett, K. (2004). Health consequences of abuse in the family: A clinical guide for evidence-based practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Kendall-Tackett, K. (2005). Handbook of women, stress, and trauma. New York: Brunner Routledge.

Kepner, J. (1995). Healing tasks: Psychotherapy with adult survivors of childhood abuse. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kezelman C., & Stavropoulos P. (2019) Practice Guidelines for Clinical Treatment of Complex Trauma. Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kezelman C., & Stavropoulos P. (2019) Complementary Guidelines to Practice Guidelines for Clinical Treatment of Complex Trauma. Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kezelman C., Stavropoulos P. (2020) Practice Guidelines for Identifying and Treating Complex Trauma-Related Dissociation. Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kezelman C. Stavropoulos P. (2020) Guidelines for Clinical Supervisors of Therapists who work with Complex Trauma and Dissociation.  Australia: Blue Knot Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.blueknot.org.au/resources/Publications/Practice-Guidelines/Download

Kidd, T., Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(6), 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.014

Kinsler, P. (2018). Complex psychological trauma. New York: Routledge. 

King, R. (2010). Commentary: Complex Post-traumatic stress disorder: Implications for individuals with autism spectrum disorders – Part 1. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2010.

King, R., & Desaulnier, C. L. (2011). Commentary: Complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Implications for individuals with autism spectrum disorders—Part 2. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 17(1), 47–59.

Klein, R. H., & Schermer, V. L. (Eds.). (2000). Group psychotherapy for psychological trauma. New York: The Guilford Press.

Kluft, R. (Ed.). (1990). Incest-related syndromes of adult psychopathology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Kluft, R. (2000). The psychoanalytic psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder in the context of trauma therapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 20, 259-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351692009348887

Kluft, R. (2006). Dealing with alters: A pragmatic clinical perspective. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 281-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.010

Kluft, R. (2007). Applications of innate affect theory to the understanding and treatment of dissociative identity disorder. In E. Vermetten, M., J. Dorahy, & D. Spiegel (Eds.). Traumatic dissociation: neurobiology and treatment (301-316). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Knefel, M., Garvert, D. W., Cloitre, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2015). Update to an evaluation of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD criteria in a sample of adult survivors of childhood institutional abuse by Knefel & Lueger-Schuster (2013): A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 61-6. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.22608

Knefel, M., Lueger‐Schuster, B., Bisson, J., Karatzias, T., Kazlauskas, E., & Roberts, N. (2019). A cross-cultural comparison of ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptom networks in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Lithuania, Journal of Traumatic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22361

Knefel, M., Lueger-Schuster, B., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Hyland, P. (2018). From child maltreatment to ICD-11 Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms: The role of emotion regulation and re-victimisation. Journal of Clinical Psychology 75(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22655

Knefel, M., Karatzias, T., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., Lueger-Schuster, B., & Maercker, A. (2019). The replicability of ICD-11 Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom networks in adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.286

Kohlenberg, R., & Tsai, M. (1991). Functional analytic psychotherapy. New York: Plenum Press.

Koirala, R., Iyer Søegaard, E. G., Kan, Z., Ojha, S. P., Hauff, E., & Thapa, S. B. (2021). Exploring complex PTSD in patients visiting a psychiatric outpatient clinic in Kathmandu, Nepal. Journal of psychiatric research, 143, 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.030

Konkolÿ Thege, B., Horwood, L., Slater, L., Tan, M., Hodgins, D., & Wild, T. (2017). Relationship between interpersonal trauma exposure and addictive behaviors: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 164. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1323-1

Kozlowska, W. (2019). A thematic analysis of practitioners' understanding of domestic abuse in terms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex‐PTSD (C‐PTSD). Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 20(2), 357-367. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12272

Kramer, S. & Akhtar, S. (Eds.). (1991). The trauma of transgression: Psychotherapy of incest victims. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Krammer, S., Kleim, B., Simmen-Janevska, K., & Maercker, A. (2016). Childhood trauma and Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in older adults: A study of direct effects and social-interpersonal factors as potential mediators. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(5), 593-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2014.991861

Kuhar, M., & Zager Kocjan, G. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and somatic symptoms in adulthood: A moderated mediation effects of disturbed self-organization and resilient coping. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001040 

Kumar, S., Brand, B., & Courtois, C. (2019). The need for trauma training: Clinicians' reactions to training on complex trauma. Psychological Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000515

Laddis, A. (2011). Medication for Complex Post Traumatic Disorders. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20, 6, 645-668. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.596137 

Laddis A. (2019). The disorder-specific psychological impairment in Complex PTSD: A flawed working model for restoration of trust. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 20(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2018.1451804 

Landy, M., Wagner, A., Brown-Bowers, A., & Monson, C. (2015). Examining the evidence for Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as a clinical diagnosis. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 24, 215-236.  https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1002649

Lanius, R., Vermetten, E., & Pain, C. (Eds.) (2010). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lanius R, Bluhm RL, Frewen PA. How understanding the neurobiology of complex post-traumatic stress disorder can inform clinical practice: a social cognitive and affective neuroscience approach. Acta Psychiatry Scandanavia. 2011 Nov;124(5):331-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01755.x . Epub 2011 Aug 19. PMID: 21854369.

Lee, J., Kim, C., & Nam, J. K. (2021). Online guided imagery in traumatic memory processing for at-risk complex PTSD adults. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 26(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1738062

Leehan, J., & Webb, L. (1996). Group treatment for adult survivors of abuse: A manual for practitioners. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Leehan, J., & Wilson, L. (1985). Grown-up abused children. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Letica-Crepulja, M., Stevanović, A., Protuđer, M., Juretić, T. G., Rebić, J., & Frančišković, T. (2020) Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11:1. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1716593

Levine, H. (Ed). (1990). Adult analysis and childhood sexual abuse. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.

Lew, M. (1988). Victims no longer: Men recovering from incest and other sexual child abuse. New York: Nevtraumont Publishing Company.

Lewin, M., Lopachin, J., Delorme, J., Opendak, M., Sullivan, R., & Wilson, D. (2019). Early life trauma has lifelong consequences for sleep and behavior. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 16701. 

Lewis, S. J., Koenen, K. C., Ambler, A., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., & Danese, A. (2021). Unravelling the contribution of complex trauma to psychopathology and cognitive deficits: A cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 219(2), 448- 455. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.57

Li, S., Guo, C., & Chan, S. (2022). ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex PTSD Among Hospital Medical Workers in China: Impacts of Wenchuan Earthquake Exposure, Workplaces, and Sociodemographic Factors. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 735861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735861

Liddell, B., Nickerson, A., Felmingham, K., Malhi, G., Cheung, J., Den, M., Askovic, M., … & Bryant, R. (2019). Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptom profiles in traumatized refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 822–832. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22453

Lin, D., & Kulkarni, J. (2021). Diagnostic overlap: Complex post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211034730

Liotti, G. (1999). Disorganization of attachment as a model for understanding dissociative psychopathology, In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disorganization (291-317). New York: The Guilford Press.

Liotti, G. (1995). Disorganized/disoriented attachment in the psychotherapy of the dissociative disorders. In S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr (Eds.), Attachment theory:  Social, developmental and clinical perspectives (343-363). Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.

Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: The Guilford Press.

Litvin, J., Kaminski, P., & Riggs, S. (2017). The Complex Trauma Inventory: A self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(6), 602–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22231

Lotzin, A., Haupt, L., von Schönfels, J., Wingenfeld, K., & Schäfer, I. (2016). Profiles of childhood trauma in patients with alcohol dependence and their associations with addiction-related problems. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(3), 543–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12990

Longo, L., Jannini, T., Merlo, M., Cecora, V., Gagliano, M., D’Imperia, B., Daverio, A., Monaco, L., Rossi, R., Niolu, C., Siracusano, A., & Lorenzo, G. D. (2021). Suicidality in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD). European Psychiatry, 64(S1), S142-S142. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.390

Luthar, S. S., Ciciolla, L., & Suh, B. C. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences among youth from high-achieving schools: Appraising vulnerability processes toward fostering resilience. American Psychologist, 76(2), 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000754

Maercker, A., Bernays, F., Rohner, S. L., & Thoma, M. V. (2021). A cascade model of complex posttraumatic stress disorder centered on childhood trauma and maltreatment, attachment, and socio-interpersonal factors. Journal of traumatic stress, 10.1002/jts.22756. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22756

Maercker A., Brewin C., Bryant R., Cloitre M., van Ommeren M., Jones L., . . . Reed G. (2013). Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: Proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20057

Maercker, A., Hecker, T., Augsburger, M., & Kliem, S. (2018). ICD-11 prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in a German nationwide sample. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(4), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000790

Magruder, K., Kassam-Adams, N., Thoresen, S., & Olff, M. (2016). Prevention and public health approaches to trauma and traumatic stress: a rationale and a call to action. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.29715

Magruder, K. McLaughlin, K., & Borbon, D. (2017). Trauma is a public health issue. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1375338

Mahoney, A., Karatzias, T., & Hutton, P. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of group treatments for adults with symptoms associated with complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.059

Makhija, N., & Sher, L. (2007). Childhood abuse, adult alcohol use disorders and suicidal behaviour. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 100(5), 305–309. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcm024

Marinova, Z., & Maercker, A. (2015). Biological correlates of complex posttraumatic stress disorder-state of research and future directions. European journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 25913. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.25913

Mason, S., Bryn Austin, S., Bakalar, J., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Field, A., Gooding, H., Holsen, L., . . . & Rich-Edwards, J. (2016). Child maltreatment's heavy toll: The need for trauma-informed obesity prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(5), 646–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.004  

Massazza, A., de Almeida, J.F., Quinlan-Davidson, M. et al. Local understandings of PTSD and complex PTSD among health professionals working with adolescents in violent neighbourhoods of São Paulo city, Brazil. BMC Psychiatry 22, 196 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03821-6

Matheson, C., & Weightman, E. (2021). Research and recovery: Can patient participation in research promote recovery for people with complex post‐traumatic stress disorder, CPTSD? Health Expectations : An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 24(S1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13014

Maté, G. (2008). In the realm of hungry ghosts: Close encounters with addiction. Toronto: Knopf Canada.

Maté, G. (2012). Addiction: Childhood trauma, stress and the biology of addiction. Journal of Restorative Medicine, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.14200/jrm.2012.1.1005

Maunder, R., Lancee, W., Nolan, R., Hunter, J., & Tannenbaum, D. (2006). The relationship of attachment insecurity to subjective stress and autonomic function during standardized acute stress in healthy adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(3), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.08.013

McCann, I., & Pearlman, L. (1990). Psychological trauma and the adult survivor: Theory, therapy, and transformation. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

McDonnell, M., Robjant, K., & Katona, C. (2013). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder and survivors of human rights violations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835aea9d

McGinty, G., Fox, R., Ben-Ezra, M., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Shevlin, M., & Hyland, P. (2021). Sex and age differences in ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: An analysis of four general population samples. European Psychiatry, 64(1), E66. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2239

McWhorter, K., Parks, C., D'Aloisio, A., Rojo-Wissar, D., Sandler, D., & Jackson, C. (2019). Traumatic childhood experiences and multiple dimensions of poor sleep among adult women. Sleep, 42(8), zsz108. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz108

McQuillan, K., Hyland, P., & Frederique, V. (2022). Prevalence, correlates, and the mitigation of ICD-11 CPTSD among homeless adults: The role of self-compassion. Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105569

Mekawi, Y., Guelfo, A., Karimzadeh, L., Powers, A., & Fani, N. (2021). Validation and construct validity of the posttraumatic avoidance behaviour questionnaire in a sample of trauma-exposed black women. Journal of Traumatic Stress. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22649  

Mendelsohn, M., Herman, J., Schatzow, E., Coco, M., Kallivayalil., D., & Levitan, J. (2011). The trauma recovery group: A guide for practitioners. New York, The Guilford Press. 

Menon V. (2021). Dissociation by Network Integration. The American journal of psychiatry, 178(2), 110–112.

Mikulincer M. (1998). Adult attachment style and individual differences in functional versus dysfunctional experiences of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.2.513  

Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024515519160

Miller, A. (2005). The body never lies: the lingering effects of hurtful parenting. New York: W.W. Norton.

Miller, A. (2007). The drama of the gifted child: The search for the true self (Rev. ed.). New York: Basic Books.

Mills, J. (2005). Treating attachment pathology. New York: Jason Aronson. 

Mitchell, S., & Steele, K. (2021). Mentalising in complex trauma and dissociative disorders. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation = Revue Europâeenne Du Trauma Et De La Dissociation, 5(3), 100168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100168

Møller, L., Augsburger, M., Elklit, A., Søgaard, U., & Simonsen, E. (2020). Traumatic experiences, ICD-11 PTSD, ICD-11 complex PTSD, and the overlap with ICD-10 diagnoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(5), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13161 

Møller, L., Bach, B., Augsburger, M., Elklit, A., Søgaard, U., & Simonsen, E. (2021). Structure of ICD-11 complex PTSD and relationship with psychoform and somatoform dissociation. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation = Revue Europâeenne Du Trauma Et De La Dissociation, 5(3), 100233.

Møller, L., Meisner, M. W., Søgaard, U., Elklit, A., & Simonsen, E. (2021). Assessment of personality functioning in ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 12(5), 466-474. http://.doi.org/10.1037/per0000491

Møller, L., Søgaard, U., Elklit, A., & Simonsen, E. (2021). Differences between ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD on DSM-5 section III personality traits. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1894805-1894805. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1894805 

Mollon, P. (2002). Remembering trauma: A psychotherapist’s guide to memory & illusion.  (2nd Ed.). London: Whurr.

Mooren, T., & Stofsel, M. (2010). Diagnosing and treating complex trauma.  New York: Routledge.

Morelli, N. M., & Villodas, M. T. (2022). A Systematic Review of the Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility of Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) Symptom Criteria. Clinical child and family psychology review, 25(2), 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00374-0

Moskowitz, A., Dorahy, M.J., & Shafer, I. (2019). Psychosis, trauma, and dissociation: evolving perspectives on severe psychopathology 2nd ed. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Muller, R. (2010). Trauma and avoidant attachment. New York: W. W. Norton.

Murphy, D., Karatzias, T., Busuttil, W., Greenberg, N., & Shevlin, M. (2021). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) in treatment seeking veterans: Risk factors and comorbidity. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(7), 1289-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02028-6

Nester, M. S., Boi, C., Brand, B. L., & Schielke, H. J. (2022). The reasons dissociative disorder patients self-injure. European journal of psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2026738. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2026738

Nester, M. S., Hawkins, S. L., & Brand, B. L. (2022). Barriers to accessing and continuing mental health treatment among individuals with dissociative symptoms. European journal of psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2031594. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2031594

Neumann, D., Houskamp, B., Pollock, V., & Briere, J. (1996). The long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in women: A meta-analytic review. Child Maltreatment, 1, 6-17. 

Niemeyer, H., Lorbeer, N., Mohr, J., Baer, E., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2022). Evidence-based individual psychotherapy for complex posttraumatic stress disorder and at-risk groups for complex traumatization: A meta-review. Journal of affective disorders, 299, 610–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.056

Nijenhuis, E. (2015). The Trinity of trauma: ignorance, fragility, and control; The concepts and facts of dissociation in trauma (vol. 1). Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Nijenhuis, E., & Den Boer, H. (2007). Psychobiology of traumatization and trauma-related structural dissociation of the personality. In E. Vermetten, M. Dorahy, & D. Spiegel (Eds.), Traumatic dissociation: Neurobiology and treatment (219-236). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Nijenhuis, E., Spinhoven, P., & Vanderlinden, J. (1998). Animal defensive reactions as a model for dissociative reactions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 243-260.

Norcross, J., & Wampold, B. (2019). Relationships and responsiveness in the psychological treatment of trauma: The tragedy of the APA Clinical Practice Guideline. Psychotherapy Theory Research & Practice 56(3). https://doi:10.1037/pst0000228

Obegi, J. & Berant, E. (2009). Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults. New York: The Guilford Press.

Ochberg, F. (1988). Post-traumatic therapy and victims of violence. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Ogawa, J., Sroufe, L., Weinfeld, N., Carlson, E. & Egeland, B. (1997) Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample, Development and Psychopathology, 9, 855-880.

Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2015). The relation between insecure attachment and posttraumatic stress: Early life versus adulthood traumas. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 7(4), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000015

Oh, Y., & Rhee, M. K. (2021). Relationship between complex trauma experience in childhood-adolescence and interpersonal trauma in adulthood: Mediating effects of dissociation experience, relationship addiction, and internalized shame. Stress, 29(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.1.1

Omaha, J. (2004). Psychotherapeutic interventions for emotion regulation: EMDR and bilateral stimulation for affect management. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 

Opsvik, Y. Ø., Holbæk, I., Arefjord, K., & Hjeltnes, A. (2021). The challenge of being present with yourself: Exploring the lived experience of individuals with complex dissociative disorders. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation = Revue Europâeenne Du Trauma Et De La Dissociation, , 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100250

Ottisova, L., Smith, P., & Oram, S. (2018). Psychological consequences of human trafficking: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder in trafficked children. Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2018.1432555

Ouimette, P., & Brown, P. J. (2003). Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Owczarek, M., Ben-Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Vallieres, F., & Shevlin, M. (2020). Testing the factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in African community samples from Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria. Journal of Trauma and Loss. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2019.1689718

Oz, S., & Ogiers, A. (2006). Overcoming childhood sexual trauma: A guide to breaking through the wall of fear for practitioners and survivors. New York: The Haworth Press.

Paddison, P. (Ed.). (1993). Treatment of adult survivors of incest survivors. Washington, D C: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Paivio, S., & Neuwenhuis, J. (2001). Efficacy of emotion-focused therapy for adult survivors of childhood abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007891716593

Paivio, S., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2010). Emotion focused therapy for complex trauma: An integrative approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Paivio, S., & Patterson, L. (1999). Alliance development in therapy for resolving child abuse issues. Psychotherapy, 36, 4, 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087843

Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Palgi, Y., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2021). Can subjective perceptions of trauma differentiate between ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD? A cross-cultural comparison of three african countries. Psychological Trauma, 13(2), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000966

Pearlman, L., & Saakvitne, K. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Pearlman, L. (2001). The treatment of persons with Complex PTSD and other trauma-related disruptions of the self. In J.P. Wilson, M.J. Friedman, & J.D. Lindy (Eds.), Treating psychological trauma & PTSD, (205-236). New York: The Guilford Press.

Pearlman, L. (2003). Trauma and Attachment Belief Scale (TABS) manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

Pearlman, L., & Courtois, C. (2005). Clinical applications of the attachment framework: Relational treatment of complex trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 449-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20052

Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., Mandel, F., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES), Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490100103

Perkonigg, A., Höfler, M., Cloitre, M., Wittchen, H., Trautmann, S., & Maercker, A. (2016). Evidence for two different ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorders in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 266(4), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0639-4

Perry, B. (1993). Neurodevelopment and the neurophysiology of trauma I: Conceptual considerations for clinical work with maltreated children. The APSAC Advisor, 6 (1) 14-18.

Perry, B. (1993). Neurodevelopment and the neurophysiology of trauma II: Clinical work along the alarm-fear-terror continuum. The APSAC Advisor, 6, 14-20.

Perry, B. (2007). The boy who was raised as a dog. New York: Basic Books.

Pierrehumbert, B., Torrisi, R., Glatz, N., Dimitrova, N., Heinrichs, M., & Halfon, O. (2009). The influence of attachment on perceived stress and cortisol response to acute stress in women sexually abused in childhood or adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(6), 924–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.006

Polusny, M.M., & Follette, V. M. (1995). Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse: Theory and review of the empirical literature. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 4, 143-166.

Ports, K., Holman, D., Guinn, A., Pampati, S., Dyer, K., Merrick, M., Lunsford, N., & Metzler, M. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences and the presence of cancer risk factors in adulthood: A scoping review of the literature from 2005 to 2015. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 44, 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.009

Powers, A., Fani, N., Carter, S., Cross, D., Cloitre, M., & Bradley, B. (2017). Differential predictors of DSM-5 PTSD and ICD-11 complex PTSD among African American women. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1338914

Purnell, L. R., Graham, A. C. J., Bloomfield, M. A. P., & Billings, J. (2021). Reintegration interventions for CPTSD: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1934789-1934789. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1934789

Redican, E., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., McBride, O., Karatzias, T., Murphy, J., & Shevlin, M. (2022). The latent structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in a general population sample from USA: A factor mixture modelling approach. Journal of anxiety disorders, 85, 102497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102497

Resick, P. Bovin, M., Calloway, A., Dick, A., King, M., Mitchell, K., Suvak, M., Wells, S., Stirman, S., & Wolf, E. (2012). A critical evaluation of the Complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21699

Resick, P., Wolf, E., Wiltsey Stirman, S., Wells, S., Suvak, M., Mitchell, K., King, M., & Bovin, M. (2012). Advocacy through science: Reply to comments on Resick et al. (2012). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 260-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21702

Rosenthal, M., Reinhardt, K., & Birrell, P.  (2016) Guest editorial: Deconstructing disorder: An ordered reaction to a disordered environment. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(2), 131-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1103103

Ross, S. L., Sharma-Patel, K., Brown, E. J., Huntt, J. S., & Chaplin, W. F. (2021). Complex trauma and Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: How do trauma chronicity and PTSD presentation affect treatment outcome? Child Abuse & Neglect, 111, 104734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104734

Roth, S., & Batson, R. (1997). Naming the shadows: A new approach to individual and group psychotherapy for survivors of childhood incest. New York: The Free Press.

Roth, S., Newman, E., Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B., & Mandel, F. (1997). Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: Results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(4), 539–555. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024837617768

Rothschild, B. (2000). The body remembers: The psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Rothschild, B. (2003). The body remembers:  Casebook unifying methods and models in the treatment of trauma and PTSD. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company.

Rumball, F., Antal, K., Happé, F., & Grey, N. (2021). Co-occurring mental health symptoms and cognitive processes in trauma-exposed ASD adults. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 110, 103836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103836

Rzeszutek, M., Lis-Turlejska, M., Pięta, M., Van Hoy, A., Zawistowska, M., Drabarek, K., . . . Frąc, D. (2021). Profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), and subjective well-being in a sample of adult children of alcoholics. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001211

Saakvitne, K., Gamble, S., Pearlman, L., & Lev, B. (2000). Risking connection: A training curriculum for working with survivors of childhood abuse. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press.

Sable, P. (2000).  Attachment and adult psychotherapy. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Sachser, C., Keller, F., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Complex PTSD as proposed for ICD-11: validation of a new disorder in children and adolescents and their response to Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Journal of child psychology and Psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 58(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12640

Safran, J., & Muran, J. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York: The Guilford Press.

Salter, A. (1995). Transforming trauma: A guide to understanding and treating adult survivors of child sexual abuse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Sandberg, D. A., & Refrea, V. (2022). Adult Attachment as a Mediator of the Link Between Interpersonal Trauma and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among College Men and Women. Journal of interpersonal violence, 8862605211072168. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211072168

Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E., Klein, C., Jäncke, L., & Bachmann, S. (2021). Resting-state functional connectivity in patients with a complex PTSD or complex dissociative disorder before and after inpatient trauma treatment. Brain and behavior, 11(7), e02200. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2200

Schore, A. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Schultebraucks, K., Sijbrandij, M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Mouthaan, J., Olff, M., & van Zuiden, M. (2021). Forecasting individual risk for long-term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in emergency medical settings using biomedical data: A machine learning multicenter cohort study. Neurobiology of stress, 100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100297

Schwartz, M., & Cohn. L. (Eds.) (1996). Sexual abuse and eating disorders. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Schwartz, R. (1995). Internal family systems therapy. New York: The Guilford Press.

Schwartz, R. (2002). Tools for transforming trauma. New York: Brunner-Routledge.

Sgroi, S. (Ed.). (1982). Handbook of clinical intervention in child sexual abuse. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.

Shapiro, F. (1995; 2001).  Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (Rev. Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Shapiro, R. (Ed.). (2005). EMDR solutions: Pathways to healing. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Shapiro, R. (Ed.). (2009). EMDR solutions II: For depression, eating disorders, performance, and more. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Shevlin M., Hyland P., Karatzias T., Fyvie C., Roberts N., Bisson J., & Cloitre M. (2017). Alternative models of disorders of traumatic stress based on the new ICD‐11 proposals. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135(5), 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12695

Shields, M., Hovdestad, W., Pelletier, C., Dykxhoorn, J., O'Donnell, S., & Tonmyr, L. (2016). Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for diabetes: Findings from a population-based survey of Canadian adults. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 879. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3491-1

Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Klein, C., Jäncke, L., & Bachmann, S. (2021). Resting‐state functional connectivity in patients with a complex PTSD or complex dissociative disorder before and after inpatient trauma treatment. Brain and Behavior, 11(7), e02200-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2200

Schuler, K., Ruggero, C. J., Mahaffey, B., Gonzalez, A., L. Callahan, J., Boals, A., ... & Kotov, R. (2021). When hindsight is not 20/20: ecological momentary assessment of PTSD symptoms versus retrospective report. Assessment, 28(1), 238?C247.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119869826  

Schultebraucks, K., Sijbrandij, M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Mouthaan, J., Olff, M., & van Zuiden, M. (2021). Forecasting individual risk for long-term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in emergency medical settings using biomedical data: A machine learning multicenter cohort study. Neurobiology of stress, 100297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100297

Siegel, D. (1999). The developing mind: Toward a neurobiology of interpersonal experience. New York: The Guilford Press.

Siegel, D. (2007). The mindful brain. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Simon, N., Roberts, N., Lewis, C., van Gelderen, M., & Bisson, J. (2019). Associations between perceived social support, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD): implications for treatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1573129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1573129

Simonds, S. (1994).  Bridging the silence: Nonverbal modalities in the treatment of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Schnyder, U., & Cloitre, M. (Eds.) (2015).  Evidence based treatments for trauma-related psychological disorders: A practical guide for clinicians. New York: Springer Publishing.

Schwartz, L., Corrigan, F., Hull, A., & Raju, R. (2017). The comprehensive resource model: Effective therapeutic techniques for the healing of complex trauma. London: Routledge.

Smucker, M., & Dancu, C. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for adult survivors of childhood trauma: Imagery rescripting and reprocessing. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc.

Solomon, M. F., & Siegel, D. J. (Eds.). (2003). Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Söchting, I., Corrado, R., Cohen, I., Ley, R., & Brasfield, C. (2007). Traumatic pasts in Canadian Aboriginal people: Further support for a Complex Trauma conceptualization? British Columbia Medical Journal, 49(6), 320-326. https://www.bcmj.org/sites/default/files/public/2007_JulyAug_traumatic_pasts.pdf

Speranza, A. M., Farina, B., Bossa, C., Fortunato, A., Maggiora Vergano, C., Palmiero, L., Quintigliano, M., & Liotti, M. (2022). The Role of Complex Trauma and Attachment Patterns in Intimate Partner Violence. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 769584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769584

Spiegel, J. (2003). Sexual abuse of males: The SAM model of theory and practice. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Spinazzola, J., Blaustein, M., & Van der Kolk, B. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment outcome research: The study of unrepresentative samples? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 425-436. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20050

Spinazzola, J., Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2021). Developmental trauma disorder: A legacy of attachment trauma in victimized children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 711-720. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22697

Stadtmann. M., Maercker, A., Binder, J., & Schnepp, W. (2018). Why do I have to suffer? Symptom management, views and experiences of patients with a CPTSD: A grounded theory. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1971-9

Steele, K., Boon, S., & Van der Hart, O. (2017). Treating trauma-related dissociation: A practical, integrative approach. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Steele, K., Van der Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E. (2001). Dependency in the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorders. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 2(4), 79-116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v02n04_05

Steele, K., Van der Hart, O., & Nijenhuis, E. (2005). Phase-oriented treatment of structural dissociation in complex traumatization: Overcoming trauma-related phobias. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(3), 11-53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v06n03_02

Stojek, M., Maples-Keller, J., Dixon, H., Umpierrez, G., Gillespie, C., & Michopoulos, V. (2019). Associations of childhood trauma with food addiction and insulin resistance in African-American women with diabetes mellitus. Appetite, 141, 104317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104317

Suglia, S., Koenen, K., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Chan, P., Clark, C., Danese, A., Faith, M., Goldstein, B., Hayman, L.,  Isasi, C., Pratt, C., Slopen, N., Sumner, J., Turer, A., Turer, C., & Zachariah, J. (2018) Childhood and Adolescent Adversity and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.  Circulation, 137(5), e15–e28. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000536   

Sullivan, K., Rochani, H., Huang, L., Donley, D., & Zhang, J. (2019). Adverse Childhood Experiences affect sleep duration for up to 50 years later. Sleep, 42(7), zsz087. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz087   

Tarocchi, A., Aschieri, F., Fantini, F. & Smith, J. (2013). Therapeutic assessment of complex trauma: A single-case time-series study. Clinical Case Studies, 12(3), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650113479442

Tay A. K., Rees S., Chen J., Kareth M., & Silove D. (2015). The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder amongst West Papuan refugees. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 111. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-015-0480-3

Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Thomaes, K., Dorrepaal, E., Draijer, N., de Ruiter, M., Elzinga, B., van Balkom, A., Smit, J., & Veltman, D. (2012). Treatment effects on insular and anterior cingulate cortex activation during classic and emotional Stroop interference in child abuse-related complex post-traumatic stress disorder.   Psychological Medicine, 42(11), 2337–2349. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000499

Tian, Y., Li, W., Wu, X., & Cheng, X. (2021). Complex PTSD in Chinese Adolescents Exposed to Childhood Trauma: A Latent Profile Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211050111

Trottier, K., & MacDonald, D. (2017). Update on psychological trauma, other severe adverse experiences and eating disorders: State of the research and future research directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(8), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0806-6

Tsur, N., Katz, C., & Talmon, A. (2021). The shielding effect of not responding: Peritraumatic responses to child abuse and their links to posttraumatic symptomatology. Child abuse & neglect, 121, 105224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105224

Vallières F., Ceannt R., Daccache F., Abou Daher R., Sleiman J., Gilmore B., . . . Hyland P. (2018). ICD‐11 PTSD and Complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The factor structure and the clinical utility of the international trauma questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(6), 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12973

van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., & Steele, K. (2005). Dissociation: An insufficiently recognized major feature of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20049

van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.  

van der Kolk, B. (1984). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Psychological and biological sequelae. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

van der Kolk, B. (1987). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, Inc.

van der Kolk, B. (2015). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York: Penguin Random House.

van der Kolk, B. (2019). The politics of mental health. Psychotherapy Networker. https://www.psychotherapynetworker.org/magazine/article/2368/the-politics-of-mental-health.

van der Kolk, B., McFarlane, A., & Weisaeth, L. (Eds.). (2006). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: The Guilford Press.

van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., & Pelcovitz, D. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20047

van Dijke, A., Ford, J., Frank, L., & van der Hart, O. (2015). Association of childhood complex trauma and dissociation with Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in adulthood. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(4), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2015.1016253

Van Dijke, A., Hopman, J., & Ford, J. (2018). Affect dysregulation, psychoform dissociation, and adult relational fears mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder independent of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1400878. http://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1400878

Vang, M., Menachem, B., & Shevlin, M. (2019). Modeling patterns of polyvictimization and their associations with post traumatic stress disorder and complex post traumatic stress disorder in the Israeli population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(6), 843- 854. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22455

Villalta, L., Khadr, S., Chua, K.C., Kramer, T., Clarke, V., Viner, R. M., Stringaris, A., & Smith, P. (2020). Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in female adolescents: The role of emotion dysregulation in impairment and trauma exposure after an acute sexual assault.  European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1710400

Waites, E. (1993). Trauma and survival: Post-traumatic and dissociative disorders in women.  New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Wallin, D. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press.

Walker, P. (2013). CPTSD: From surviving to thriving. USA: Azure Coyote.

Weiss, D. S. (2012). Introduction to the special feature on Complex PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(3), 239-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21711

Williams, K., Moehler, E., Kaess, M., Resch, F., & Fuchs, A. (2022). Dissociation Links Maternal History Of Childhood Abuse To Impaired parenting. Journal of trauma & dissociation : the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 23(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2021.1934938

Williams, M. B., & Somers, J. (Eds.). (2002). Simple and complex post-traumatic stress disorders: Strategies for comprehensive treatment in clinical practice. New York: The Haworth Press.

Williams, T. (Ed.). (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorders: A handbook for clinicians. Cincinnati, OH: Disabled American Veterans.

Wilson, J., Friedman, M., & Lindy, J. (2002). Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: The Guilford Press.

Wilson, J., & Keane. T. (1997; 2004). Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (2nd Ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Wilson, J., & Lindy, J. (Eds.). (1994). Countertransference in the treatment of PTSD. New York: The Guilford Press.

Wilson, J., & Thomas, R. (2004). Empathy in the treatment of trauma and PTSD. New York: Brunner/Routledge.

Wolf, N., & Elklit, A. (2018). Child Maltreatment and disordered eating in adulthood: A mediating role of PTSD and Self-Esteem? Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 13(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0224-x

World Health Organization. (2018). ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. https://icd.who.int/en/

Yearwood, K., Vliegen, N., Chau, C., Corveleyn, J., & Luyten, P. (2021). Prevalence of exposure to complex trauma and community violence and their associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1-2), 843-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517731788

Young, B., & Blake, D. (Eds.) (1999). Group treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. New York: Brunner/Mazel Taylor & Francis Group.

Young, J., Kloski, J., & Weishaar, M. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: The Guilford Press.

Zayfert C., & Becker, C. (2007). Cognitive-behavior therapy for PTSD: A case formulation approach. New York: The Guilford Press.

Zerach, G., & Levi-Belz, Y. (2022). Moral injury, PTSD and complext PTSD among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of self-criticism. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001210 

Zlotnick, C., Zakriski, A., Shea, M., Costello, E., Begin, A., Pearlstein, T. & Simpson, E. (1996). The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9 (2), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02110655